Wear Behavior of Austempered and Quenched and Tempered Gray Cast Irons under Similar Hardness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemical Composition
2.2. As-Cast Gray Cast Iron
2.3. Austempering Heat Treatment
2.4. Quenching and Tempering Heat Treatment
2.5. Metallurgical Evaluation
2.6. Rotational Ball-on-Disk Sliding Wear Test
2.7. Rockwell C Hardness Measurement
3. Results
3.1. Metallurgical Evaluation of AGI and QTGI
3.2. Hardness Measurement
3.3. Ball-on-Disk Rotational Wear Tests
3.4. Worn Surface Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Elements | Percentage |
---|---|
Carbon, C | 3.53% |
Silicon, Si | 2.71% |
Manganese, Mn | 0.74% |
Chromium, Cr | 0.12% |
Copper, Cu | 0.94% |
Sulfur, S | 0.03% |
Phosphorous, P | 0.08% |
Iron, Fe | Remainder |
Heat Treatment Designs | ||
---|---|---|
Austempering Heat Treatment (AGI) | ||
Austenitizing Process: | Temperature: 832 °C; | |
Time: 20 min; | ||
Medium Temp Salt Bath Furnace | ||
Austempering Process: | Temperatures: 232 °C, 260 °C, 288 °C, | |
316 °C, 343 °C, 371 °C; | ||
Times: 1 min, 2 min, 3 min, 6 min, 10 min, 20 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min and 120 min; | ||
Water Cool; | ||
Low Temp Salt Bath Furnace | ||
Quenching and Tempering Heat Treatment (QTGI) | ||
Austenitizing Process: | Temperature: 832 °C; | |
Time: 20 min; | ||
Oil Cool; | ||
Medium Temp Salt Bath Furnace | ||
Tempering Process: | Temperatures: 316 °C, 371 °C, 399 °C, 454 °C, 482 °C, 510 °C; | |
Time: 60 min; | ||
Oil Cool; | ||
Electrical Heating Furnace | ||
Experiments | ||
Metallurgical Evaluations | ||
Sample | AGI and QTGI Coupons (15 mm × 15 mm × 15 mm) | |
Etching | 3% Nital for 2 s or 3 s | |
Test Facility | Optical Microscopy with 500× Magnification | |
Sample Size | 16 | |
Hardness Measurements | ||
Sample | AGI and QTGI Sample Coupons/Disks | |
Test Facility | Rockwell Hardness Tester | |
Repetition | 3 Times | |
Sample Size | 234 | |
Wear Tests | ||
Upper Sample | Alumina Ball (Diameter: 7.94 mm; Hardness: 75 HRC; | |
Surface Roughness (Ra): 10 nm) | ||
Lower Sample | AGI and QTGI Disks (Diameter: 64 mm; Thickness: 11 mm; Surface Roughness (Ra): ≈ 300 nm) | |
Normal Load | 300 N | |
Rotational Speed | 240 rpm | |
Lubricant | PAO4 Base Oil | |
Test Duration | 30 min | |
Test Facility | Rotational Ball-on-Disk Sliding Configuration | |
Repetition | 3 Times | |
Sample Size | 36 |
Group Number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austempering Temperature (°C) | 232 | 260 | 288 | 316 | 343 | 371 |
Hardness (HRC) | 42.3 | 42 | 37.4 | 28.9 | 28.1 | 26.8 |
Tempering Temperature (°C) | 316 | 371 | 399 | 454 | 482 | 510 |
Hardness (HRC) | 41.1 | 41.8 | 38 | 29.5 | 28.7 | 27.2 |
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Share and Cite
Wang, B.; Han, X.; Barber, G.C.; Pan, Y. Wear Behavior of Austempered and Quenched and Tempered Gray Cast Irons under Similar Hardness. Metals 2019, 9, 1329. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9121329
Wang B, Han X, Barber GC, Pan Y. Wear Behavior of Austempered and Quenched and Tempered Gray Cast Irons under Similar Hardness. Metals. 2019; 9(12):1329. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9121329
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Bingxu, Xue Han, Gary C. Barber, and Yuming Pan. 2019. "Wear Behavior of Austempered and Quenched and Tempered Gray Cast Irons under Similar Hardness" Metals 9, no. 12: 1329. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9121329