Grain Refinement of Hypereutectic Immiscible Cu-50Cr Alloy during Rapid Melting and Solidification Induced by High Power Density Laser Beams
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiments
2.1. Material and Methods
2.2. Characterization
2.3. Interruption Capability and Withstanding Voltage Tests
3. Results
3.1. Microstructure
3.2. Parametric Results
3.3. Property
3.3.1. Withstanding Voltage
3.3.2. Interruption Capability
4. Discussion
4.1. Parametric Study
4.2. Microstructure Evolution
4.3. Withstanding Voltage and Interruption Capability
5. Conclusions
- The average diameter of the Cr phase was effectively refined from ~100 μm to ~1 μm and dispersed in the melt layer with a thickness of up to 150 μm.
- In order to obtain a dispersed and refined microstructure, the optimal laser energy density was from 43 MJ/m2 to 56 MJ/m2.
- The gathering tendency for the Cr spheroids induced by LPS was suppressed by the high cooling rate (7.29 × 106 K/s) during the LSM process.
- The withstanding voltage of the LSM contacts increased to 125 kV, which was 21% higher than the untreated. The arc duration increased by 33%, resulting in 15 successful successive switching off operations.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Chemical Element (wt%) | Density (g/cm3) | Hardness (HB) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | Cu | O | N | |||
Cu-Cr(50) | 47–52 | Bal. | ≤0.05 | ≤0.05 | ≥7.90 | ≥80 |
Sample | Ave, Arc Duration (ms) | Max, Arc Duration (ms) | Min, Arc Duration (ms) | Standard Deviation of Arc Duration |
---|---|---|---|---|
Untreated | 4.2 | 5.5 | 0 | 1.4 |
LSM | 5.6 | 6.2 | 4.6 | 0.4 |
Material | Density (103 kg/m3) | Latent Heat of Melting/(J·m−3) |
---|---|---|
Cu | 8.9 | 1.82 × 109 |
Cr | 7.2 | 2.89 × 109 |
Cu-50Cr | 7.9 | 1356 K: 0.5 × 1.82 × 109 |
2133 K: 0.5 × 2.89 × 109 |
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Zhang, L.; Yu, G.; Tian, C.; He, X.; Li, S. Grain Refinement of Hypereutectic Immiscible Cu-50Cr Alloy during Rapid Melting and Solidification Induced by High Power Density Laser Beams. Metals 2019, 9, 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9050585
Zhang L, Yu G, Tian C, He X, Li S. Grain Refinement of Hypereutectic Immiscible Cu-50Cr Alloy during Rapid Melting and Solidification Induced by High Power Density Laser Beams. Metals. 2019; 9(5):585. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9050585
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Litian, Gang Yu, Chongxin Tian, Xiuli He, and Shaoxia Li. 2019. "Grain Refinement of Hypereutectic Immiscible Cu-50Cr Alloy during Rapid Melting and Solidification Induced by High Power Density Laser Beams" Metals 9, no. 5: 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9050585