An Efficient Approach for Nitrogen Diffusion and Surface Nitriding of Boron-Titanium Modified Stainless Steel Alloy for Biomedical Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Specimen Preparation
2.2. Green and Sintered Density Measurement
2.3. Microstructure and Micro Hardness Measurement
2.4. Characterization of Sintered Specimens
2.5. Immersion Testing
2.6. Cytotoxicity Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Green and Sintered Density Measurements
3.2. Microstructure of Sintered Specimens
3.3. Micro Hardness of Specimens
3.4. XRD Analysis of Sintered Specimens
3.5. XPS Analysis of Sintered Specimens
3.6. Immersion Testing in Artificial Saliva Solution
3.7. In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assessment of Sintered Specimens
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- 316L stainless steel sintered in nitrogen atmosphere with increased dwell time can help in diffusion of nitrogen into the matrix, thereby forming its respective nitrides as discussed in the XRD and FESEM mapping analysis.
- The sintering parameters helped in formation of a strong nitride layer onto the surface of the samples, as discussed in the XPS analysis. This layer proved to be helpful in the retention of metal ions during weight loss measurements.
- The addition of 2 wt.% titanium addition retained the austenitic structure of the resultant alloy systems, which is important in implant manufacturing. Better results were shown by S5 for nearly all the tests, except for density.
- The corrosion resistance of the alloy systems in artificial saliva solution revealed minimal weight loss with a negligible release of metal ions. This was attributed to the nitrogen which diffused into the matrix and also prepared a strong nitride layer. Both of these results helped in improved corrosion resistance of the alloy systems.
- The cytotoxicity assessment by MTT assay using fibroblast cells indicated that all the alloy systems studied in this research are non-cytotoxic. The SEM images indicate the cell adhesion to the specimen surface, indicating that cells continue their growth. Specimen S5 with 2 wt.% titanium addition exhibited better results than the others, showing more antibacterial properties and indicating the highest cell proliferation.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | C | Si | O | Mn | Ni | Cr | Mo | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wt.% | 0.028 | 0.9 | 0.068 | 1.5 | 12.01 | 17.04 | 2.4 | Balance |
S.No | Alloy | Composition |
---|---|---|
1 | S1 | Pure 316L SS |
2 | S2 | 316L SS + 0.25 B + 0.5 Ti |
3 | S3 | 316L SS + 0.25 B + 1 Ti |
4 | S4 | 316L SS + 0.25 B + 1.5 Ti |
5 | S5 | 316L SS + 0.25 B + 2 Ti |
S.No | Alloy | Green Density | Sintered Density | Densification |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | S1 | 6.500 g/cm3 | 7.575 g/cm3 | 95.88% |
2 | S2 | 6.385 g/cm3 | 7.387 g/cm3 | 93.50% |
3 | S3 | 6.212 g/cm3 | 7.139 g/cm3 | 90.36% |
4 | S4 | 6.116 g/cm3 | 7.008 g/cm3 | 88.70% |
5 | S5 | 6.002 g/cm3 | 6.899 g/cm3 | 87.32% |
S.No | Alloy | Weight before Immersion | Weight after Immersion | Δm (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | S1 | 17.310 g | 17.306 g | 0.004 g |
2 | S2 | 18.220 g | 18.217 g | 0.003 g |
3 | S3 | 18.250 g | 18.248 g | 0.002 g |
4 | S4 | 17.240 g | 18.237 g | 0.003 g |
5 | S5 | 18.300 g | 18.299 g | 0.001 g |
S.No | Alloy | Elements Concentration (ppm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Fe | Cr | Ni | ||
1 | S1 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.050 |
2 | S2 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.090 |
3 | S3 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.080 |
4 | S4 | 0.010 | 0.003 | 0.040 |
5 | S5 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.050 |
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Ali, S.; Abdul Rani, A.M.; Mufti, R.A.; Hastuty, S.; Hussain, M.; Shehzad, N.; Baig, Z.; Abdu Aliyu, A.A. An Efficient Approach for Nitrogen Diffusion and Surface Nitriding of Boron-Titanium Modified Stainless Steel Alloy for Biomedical Applications. Metals 2019, 9, 755. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9070755
Ali S, Abdul Rani AM, Mufti RA, Hastuty S, Hussain M, Shehzad N, Baig Z, Abdu Aliyu AA. An Efficient Approach for Nitrogen Diffusion and Surface Nitriding of Boron-Titanium Modified Stainless Steel Alloy for Biomedical Applications. Metals. 2019; 9(7):755. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9070755
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Sadaqat, Ahmad Majdi Abdul Rani, Riaz Ahmad Mufti, Sri Hastuty, Murid Hussain, Nasir Shehzad, Zeeshan Baig, and Abdul Azeez Abdu Aliyu. 2019. "An Efficient Approach for Nitrogen Diffusion and Surface Nitriding of Boron-Titanium Modified Stainless Steel Alloy for Biomedical Applications" Metals 9, no. 7: 755. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9070755