Characteristics of Sub-Aerially Emplaced Pyroclasts in the Surtsey Eruption Deposits: Implications for Diverse Surtseyan Eruptive Styles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Eruptions of Surtsey and Surtseyan Volcanism
1.2. Pyroclast Microtextures
1.2.1. Surtseyan Edifice–building Subaqueous Deposits
1.2.2. Surtseyan Subaerial Deposits
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples
2.2. Analytical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Grain Size and Componentry Analysis
3.2. Textures of Surtseyan Pyroclasts
3.2.1. Ash
3.2.2. Lapilli
4. Discussion
4.1. Pyroclast Groundmass
4.2. Pyroclast Porosity
4.3. Grain Shape
4.4. Controls of Particle Diversity for Surtsey
4.5. Deviant Particles? Implications of “Non-Standard” Particles from a Defining Eruption
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Name | Size Fraction | Eruption Date | Collected By | Sampling Location | Analysis | Deposit Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1991 and 2014 field campaigns on Surtsey | ||||||
S-4,6 | Ash/Lapilli | Feb ′64 | JDL White, CI Schipper | Surtur II flank | 1, 2, 3 | See text (Section 2.1) |
S-17,17 | Feb ′64 | JDL White, CI Schipper | Surtur I flank | 1, 2, 3 | See text (Section 2.1) | |
S-7,3 | Feb ′64 | JDL White, CI Schipper | Surtur I flank | 1, 2, 3 | See text (Section 2.1) | |
S-16,16 | Feb ′64 | JDL White, CI Schipper | Surtur I flank | 1, 2, 3 | See text (Section 2.1) | |
S-15,15 | Feb ′64 | JDL White, CI Schipper | Surtur I flank | 1, 2, 3 | See text (Section 2.1) | |
S-14 | Feb ′64 | JDL White, CI Schipper | Surtur I flank | 1, 2, 3 | See text (Section 2.1) | |
S-13,13 | Feb ′64 | JDL White, CI Schipper | Surtur I flank | 1, 2, 3 | See text (Section 2.1) | |
S-12,13 | Feb ′64 | JDL White, CI Schipper | Surtur II flank | 1, 2, 3 | See text (Section 2.1) | |
SY 01 to SY 20 | Ash/Lapilli | Feb ′64 | T Thordarson | Surtur I flank | 4, 6 | See text (Section 2.1) |
Collection of the Icelandic Natural History Museum | ||||||
Sur1-801 | Ash (Surtur I) | 17 Nov ′63 | G Kjartansson | Collected from fallout onboard v/s Odni, 3 km from Surtsey | 4, 5 | Greyish tephra, poorly sorted, with outsized (~1 cm) flaky particle. |
Sur1-9809 | 15 Nov ′63 | S Thorarinsson | Collected from fallout onboard v/s Albert | 4, 5 | Well sorted tephra, lacking much ultrafine material. Larger grains have ropy, achnelithic-like surfaces. | |
Sur1-9810 | 15 Nov ′63 | S Thorarinsson | Collected from fallout onboard v/s Albert | 4, 5 | ? | |
Sur1-9811 | 16 Nov ′63 | S Thorarinsson | Collected during fallout onboard fishing vessel Haraldur | 4, 5 | Graded greyish tephra | |
Sur1-9813 | 23 Nov ′63 | S Thorarinsson | Collected from fallout onboard v/s Thor | 4, 5 | Greyish fine-grained tephra | |
Sur1-9816 | 1 Dec ′63 | S Thorarinsson | Collected from fallout onboard v/s Ódinn at 7 pm | 3 | Greyish fine-grained tephra, with ultrafine component. | |
Syrt-9833 | Jun-Jul ′65 | ? | Syrtlingur tephra collected atop Surtur II lavas | 4, 5 | Fine-coarse ash with small flakes <4 mm wide. | |
Syrt-11220 | Jul ′65 | P. Helgasyni | Syrtlingur tephra collected on Syrtlingur | 3 | Well sorted black medium ash. Completely non vesicular—sideromelane and crystals. | |
Jol-9846 | 29 Aug ′66 | SP Jakobsson | Jólnir tephra collected on N Surtsey | 3 | Tephra. Fine to coarse dusty ash. | |
SLF-4680 | 21 Aug ′66 | ? | collected close to crater mouth of Surtur II | 4, 5 | Pele’s hair and tears | |
SDC79-176.0 | Ash | 8–14 Nov ′63 | SP Jakobsson | Base of the 1979 Surtsey Drill Core (176 m deep, ~120 m.b.s.l.) | 3 | Unconsolidated and unaltered tephra rich in vesicular grains. |
Resolution | dmin | Groundmass | Porosity | Nv | Permeability (m2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | (μm px−1) | (μm) | (%) | (cm−3) | kx | ky | kz | kavg | |
10-08-91-07 (−2.0 phi lapilli) | |||||||||
SY-01 | 2.5 | 5.8 | Transitional | 38 | 1.39 × 106 | 1.67 × 10−12 | 2.05 × 10−12 | 2.32 × 10−12 | 2.01 × 10−12 |
SY-02 * | 2.9 | 8.4 | Transitional | 42 | 3.20 × 106 | 1.75 × 10−12 | 1.25 × 10−12 | 1.37 × 10−12 | 1.46 × 10−12 |
SY-03 | 2.8 | 9.4 | Sideromelane | 53 | 1.54 × 106 | 2.81 × 10−11 | 4.06 × 10−11 | 3.04 × 10−11 | 3.30 × 10−11 |
SY-04 * | 2.8 | 11.2 | Tachylite | 24 | 8.30 × 106 | 3.58 × 10−13 | 1.90 × 10−13 | 3.37 × 10−13 | 2.95 × 10−13 |
SY-05 | 2.8 | 6.1 | Sideromelane | 51 | 1.64 × 106 | 3.03 × 10−11 | 3.25 × 10−11 | 2.91 × 10−11 | 3.06 × 10−11 |
SY-06 | 3.0 | 12.2 | Transitional | 32 | 1.60 × 106 | 8.14 × 10−13 | 8.87 × 10−13 | 6.07 × 10−13 | 7.69 × 10−13 |
SY-08 | 2.6 | 2.8 | Transitional | 34 | 1.96 × 106 | 1.42 × 10−12 | 2.26 × 10−12 | 2.15 × 10−12 | 1.94 × 10−12 |
SY-09 | 2.8 | 5.0 | Transitional | 31 | 3.89 × 106 | 3.30 × 10−13 | 3.00 × 10−13 | 6.33 × 10−13 | 4.21 × 10−13 |
SY-10 * | 2.6 | 6.7 | Sideromelane | 47 | 1.85 × 106 | 5.60 × 10−12 | 4.25 × 10−12 | 5.44 × 10−12 | 5.10 × 10−12 |
SY-10 | 2.6 | 5.1 | Transitional | 56 | 8.66 × 105 | 1.83 × 10−11 | 1.16 × 10−11 | 1.59 × 10−11 | 1.53 × 10−11 |
SY-11 | 3.1 | 8.2 | Sideromelane | 51 | 1.10 × 106 | 1.59 × 10−11 | 1.75 × 10−11 | 1.09 × 10−11 | 1.48 × 10−11 |
SY-12 | 2.8 | 16.5 | Sideromelane | 48 | 4.05 × 105 | 1.31 × 10−11 | 2.24 × 10−11 | 1.76 × 10−11 | 1.77 × 10−11 |
SY-15 * | 1.7 | 27.8 | Tachylite | 6 | 4.27 × 106 | no percolation | |||
SY-16 | 2.6 | 6.2 | Sideromelane | 34 | 2.27 × 106 | 1.24 × 10−12 | 1.29 × 10−12 | 1.30 × 10−12 | 1.28 × 10−12 |
SY-17 | 3.0 | 19.0 | Transitional | 42 | 7.54 × 105 | 3.65 × 10−12 | 5.27 × 10−12 | 6.03 × 10−12 | 4.98 × 10−12 |
SY-18 | 2.8 | 5.3 | Sideromelane | 44 | 1.48 × 106 | 4.67 × 10−12 | 5.42 × 10−12 | 5.54 × 10−12 | 5.21 × 10−12 |
SY-19 | 2.6 | 24.0 | Sideromelane | 35 | 2.16 × 106 | 1.73 × 10−12 | 1.46 × 10−12 | 4.70 × 10−12 | 2.63 × 10−12 |
SY-20 | 3.4 | 16.4 | Transitional | 59 | 8.77 × 105 | 4.29 × 10−11 | 6.17 × 10−11 | 1.14 × 10−11 | 3.87 × 10−11 |
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Verolino, A.; White, J.D.L.; Baxter, R.J.M.; Schipper, C.I.; Thordarson, T. Characteristics of Sub-Aerially Emplaced Pyroclasts in the Surtsey Eruption Deposits: Implications for Diverse Surtseyan Eruptive Styles. Geosciences 2022, 12, 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12020079
Verolino A, White JDL, Baxter RJM, Schipper CI, Thordarson T. Characteristics of Sub-Aerially Emplaced Pyroclasts in the Surtsey Eruption Deposits: Implications for Diverse Surtseyan Eruptive Styles. Geosciences. 2022; 12(2):79. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12020079
Chicago/Turabian StyleVerolino, Andrea, James D. L. White, Rachael J. M. Baxter, C. Ian Schipper, and Thor Thordarson. 2022. "Characteristics of Sub-Aerially Emplaced Pyroclasts in the Surtsey Eruption Deposits: Implications for Diverse Surtseyan Eruptive Styles" Geosciences 12, no. 2: 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12020079