Formation of Gold Alloys during Crustal Differentiation of Convergent Zone Magmas: Constraints from an AU-Rich Websterite in the Stanovoy Suture Zone (Russian Far East)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geologic Background and Samples
3. Methods
4. Results
4.1. Petrography of the Ildeus Intrusion
4.2. Geochemistry of the Ildeus Intrusion
4.3. Gold Alloys in the Ildeus Intrusion
4.4. Heating Experiments on Cu-Ag-Au Alloys
5. Discussion
5.1. Petrological and Geochemical Constraints on the Origin of the Ildeus Intrusion
5.2. Physico-Chemical Conditions of Cu-Ag-Au Alloys Formation
5.3. Geologic Conditions of the Formation of Cu-Ag-Au Alloys in Magmatic Systems
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | 001H | 007H | 008H | 036H | 069F | 070F | 074F | 037F | 040F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rock Type | Pl-D | Pl-D | D | D | Pl-D | Pl-D | Pl-D | Whr | Whr |
SiO2 (wt.%) | 40.15 | 39.36 | 38.49 | 48.55 | 41.39 | 42.18 | 44.70 | 45.47 | 45.82 |
TiO2 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.27 | 0.59 | 0.57 |
Al2O3 | 5.07 | 4.75 | 1.32 | 2.83 | 4.74 | 4.50 | 5.08 | 5.52 | 6.17 |
Fe2O3 | 12.12 | 11.38 | 12.40 | 12.84 | 12.55 | 12.93 | 11.80 | 10.59 | 11.83 |
MnO | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.19 |
MgO | 32.29 | 34.38 | 35.17 | 32.84 | 31.72 | 31.16 | 31.52 | 24.25 | 23.61 |
CaO | 2.85 | 3.19 | 0.52 | 1.94 | 3.54 | 3.14 | 2.34 | 11.20 | 8.91 |
Na2O | 0.40 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.60 | 0.42 | 0.25 | 0.89 | 0.66 |
K2O | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
P2O5 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
LOI | 6.76 | 5.54 | 11.70 | 0.24 | 5.02 | 5.14 | 3.78 | 1.24 | 2.18 |
Total | 99.99 | 99.99 | 100.05 | 100.00 | 99.98 | 99.99 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Li (ppm) | 2.09 | 2.09 | 1.13 | 1.80 | 1.72 | 1.17 | 1.13 | 1.18 | 2.40 |
Sc | 9.21 | 8.74 | 9.91 | 17.96 | 11.18 | 14.14 | 21.41 | 44.36 | 42.12 |
V | 48.88 | 37.00 | 42.69 | 67.99 | 44.36 | 64.86 | 83.16 | 135.07 | 159.27 |
Cr | 2406 | 672.4 | 980.9 | 511.6 | 854.5 | 2496 | 2358 | 2675 | 1950 |
Co | 107.18 | 93.4 | 134.2 | 81.45 | 83.03 | 89.56 | 72.73 | 44.66 | 42.00 |
Ni | 1489 | 1393 | 1899 | 1291 | 850.98 | 898.4 | 731.12 | 393.1 | 386.0 |
Cu | 80.01 | 21.16 | 50.58 | 42.42 | 49.67 | 39.74 | 14.07 | 11.10 | 99.47 |
Zn | 76.57 | 13.13 | 36.78 | 75.31 | 19.29 | 49.83 | 53.95 | 49.10 | 52.62 |
Cs | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.05 |
Rb | 0.65 | 0.29 | 0.46 | 1.22 | 1.11 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.65 | 0.69 |
Ba | 47.16 | 73.30 | 198.1 | 26.03 | 84.31 | 87.85 | 57.65 | 37.60 | 16.63 |
Sr | 85.36 | 397.8 | 32.15 | 10.95 | 237.5 | 103.75 | 26.20 | 70.48 | 25.53 |
Zr | 3.04 | 5.15 | 6.38 | 4.27 | 3.27 | 3.10 | 2.61 | 11.16 | 3.77 |
Y | 3.60 | 3.02 | 4.36 | 2.34 | 1.86 | 2.67 | 2.90 | 10.32 | 9.12 |
Nb | 1.22 | 0.41 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.028 | 0.037 | <0.001 | 0.28 | 0.24 |
Ta | 1.47 | 0.54 | 0.14 | 0.075 | 0.093 | 0.065 | 0.023 | 0.42 | 0.32 |
Hf | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.61 | 0.31 |
Th | 0.32 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.15 | 0.036 | 0.092 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.19 |
U | 0.068 | 0.085 | 0.22 | <0.001 | 0.013 | 0.043 | 0.01 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
La | 3.36 | 2.46 | 4.15 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.84 | 0.38 | 1.41 | 0.50 |
Ce | 7.97 | 5.61 | 10.37 | 1.57 | 1.54 | 1.78 | 1.04 | 5.29 | 2.11 |
Pr | 0.60 | 0.39 | 0.76 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.20 | 1.05 | 0.49 |
Nd | 3.44 | 2.69 | 3.91 | 0.85 | 0.96 | 1.21 | 0.83 | 5.96 | 3.02 |
Sm | 0.71 | 0.59 | 0.85 | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.34 | 0.27 | 1.90 | 1.15 |
Eu | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.57 | 0.40 |
Gd | 0.85 | 0.73 | 1.08 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.46 | 0.41 | 2.35 | 1.63 |
Tb | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.061 | 0.082 | 0.078 | 0.38 | 0.29 |
Dy | 0.69 | 0.57 | 0.85 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.50 | 0.52 | 2.18 | 1.80 |
Ho | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.081 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.45 | 0.40 |
Er | 0.40 | 0.33 | 0.49 | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.34 | 0.38 | 1.19 | 1.11 |
Tm | 0.059 | 0.048 | 0.071 | 0.05 | 0.038 | 0.053 | 0.063 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
Yb | 0.36 | 0.30 | 0.44 | 0.35 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 1.00 | 1.06 |
Lu | 0.060 | 0.048 | 0.072 | 0.06 | 0.093 | 0.065 | 0.023 | 0.15 | 0.17 |
Sample | IL-5 | 018H | 028F | 044H | 051S | 063F | 013B | 058F | 060F |
Rock Type | Web | Web | Web | Web | Web | Web | Pyr | Pyr | Pyr |
SiO2 (wt.%) | 48.07 | 50.15 | 51.00 | 46.65 | 47.01 | 48.42 | 46.54 | 47.05 | 46.55 |
TiO2 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.58 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.65 | 1.07 | 0.46 | 0.30 |
Al2O3 | 5.50 | 6.45 | 6.61 | 5.45 | 7.04 | 4.22 | 7.23 | 12.21 | 14.48 |
Fe2O3 | 12.59 | 12.91 | 13.73 | 12.96 | 11.98 | 1.66 | 14.85 | 10.73 | 7.87 |
MnO | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.27 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.13 |
MgO | 27.72 | 22.03 | 21.39 | 28.27 | 25.90 | 24.58 | 19.29 | 14.07 | 16.68 |
CaO | 2.72 | 5.87 | 4.12 | 3.90 | 5.07 | 7.41 | 4.21 | 10.52 | 9.30 |
Na2O | 1.17 | 1.16 | 1.59 | 0.88 | 1.33 | 0.56 | 1.51 | 2.60 | 2.62 |
K2O | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 2.51 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
P2O5 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.72 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
LOI | 0.76 | 0.64 | 0.54 | 1.24 | 1.02 | 2.16 | 1.86 | 2.00 | 1.92 |
Total | 99.36 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Li (ppm) | 1.41 | 3.35 | 3.56 | 1.79 | 1.82 | 2.09 | 9.62 | 5.53 | 3.56 |
Sc | 24.52 | 39.08 | 22.00 | 22.32 | 20.49 | 49.55 | 13.38 | 29.59 | 18.13 |
V | 103.39 | 138.77 | 100.84 | 81.18 | 74.51 | 180.71 | 106.00 | 114.48 | 76.34 |
Cr | 1741 | 1673 | 1429 | 1782 | 1630 | 1732 | 483.33 | 910.28 | 709.90 |
Co | 74.25 | 60.35 | 51.49 | 70.93 | 58.09 | 53.20 | 78.44 | 43.31 | 35.28 |
Ni | 733.76 | 330.91 | 392.00 | 596.99 | 565.32 | 325.22 | 329.14 | 290.91 | 292.39 |
Cu | 104.33 | 77.74 | 9.06 | 75.13 | 66.82 | 37.83 | 11.38 | 28.69 | 16.79 |
Zn | 48.74 | 47.06 | 69.19 | 36.63 | 33.82 | 59.15 | 155.15 | 39.51 | 36 |
Cs | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.61 | 0.09 | 0.11 |
Rb | 0.88 | 0.69 | 2.41 | 0.93 | 1.67 | 1.54 | 31.47 | 1.11 | 1.17 |
Ba | 66.81 | 83.42 | 116.62 | 79.23 | 59.40 | 18.89 | 1521.9 | 74.22 | 93.46 |
Sr | 150.26 | 135.89 | 189.67 | 99.79 | 174.49 | 27.49 | 311.42 | 520.51 | 625.65 |
Zr | 14.39 | 9.41 | 5.85 | 6.60 | 7.40 | 6.87 | 13.88 | 3.55 | 3.65 |
Y | 5.77 | 6.14 | 4.35 | 3.60 | 3.36 | 10.65 | 16.73 | 6.98 | 3.38 |
Nb | 0.47 | 0.22 | 0.33 | 0.13 | 0.58 | 0.093 | 1.91 | 0.36 | 0.37 |
Ta | 0.09 | 0.73 | 0.21 | 0.097 | 0.40 | 0.11 | 0.57 | 0.48 | 0.41 |
Hf | 0.41 | 0.34 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.41 | 0.73 | 0.27 | 0.21 |
Th | 0.25 | 0.085 | 0.24 | 0.059 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 3.37 | 0.19 | 0.11 |
U | 1.82 | 0.006 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.041 | 0.71 | 0.047 | 0.064 |
La | 1.77 | 1.12 | 1.64 | 0.73 | 1.14 | 1.21 | 36.09 | 1.45 | 1.28 |
Ce | 4.39 | 2.91 | 3.69 | 1.92 | 2.57 | 4.18 | 75.60 | 3.88 | 2.97 |
Pr | 0.59 | 0.13 | 0.50 | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.73 | 8.94 | 0.51 | 0.38 |
Nd | 2.76 | 2.10 | 2.20 | 1.32 | 1.53 | 4.13 | 33.07 | 2.77 | 1.87 |
Sm | 0.75 | 0.68 | 0.57 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 1.41 | 5.53 | 0.92 | 0.49 |
Eu | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.27 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.49 | 1.80 | 0.49 | 0.38 |
Gd | 1.01 | 0.98 | 0.75 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 2.00 | 6.02 | 1.32 | 0.67 |
Tb | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.35 | 0.72 | 0.23 | 0.11 |
Dy | 1.02 | 1.07 | 0.78 | 0.66 | 0.62 | 2.10 | 3.34 | 1.40 | 0.67 |
Ho | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.46 | 0.64 | 0.31 | 0.15 |
Er | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.53 | 0.45 | 0.42 | 1.24 | 1.74 | 0.84 | 0.41 |
Tm | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.072 | 0.068 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.062 |
Yb | 0.67 | 0.69 | 0.56 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 1.13 | 1.40 | 0.76 | 0.39 |
Lu | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.092 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 0.063 |
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Berdnikov, N.; Kepezhinskas, P.; Konovalova, N.; Kepezhinskas, N. Formation of Gold Alloys during Crustal Differentiation of Convergent Zone Magmas: Constraints from an AU-Rich Websterite in the Stanovoy Suture Zone (Russian Far East). Geosciences 2022, 12, 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12030126
Berdnikov N, Kepezhinskas P, Konovalova N, Kepezhinskas N. Formation of Gold Alloys during Crustal Differentiation of Convergent Zone Magmas: Constraints from an AU-Rich Websterite in the Stanovoy Suture Zone (Russian Far East). Geosciences. 2022; 12(3):126. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12030126
Chicago/Turabian StyleBerdnikov, Nikolai, Pavel Kepezhinskas, Natalia Konovalova, and Nikita Kepezhinskas. 2022. "Formation of Gold Alloys during Crustal Differentiation of Convergent Zone Magmas: Constraints from an AU-Rich Websterite in the Stanovoy Suture Zone (Russian Far East)" Geosciences 12, no. 3: 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12030126