On the Annual and Semi-Annual Components of Variations in Extent of Arctic and Antarctic Sea-Ice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Available Data on the Extent of Sea Ice in Both Hemispheres
3. SSA Analysis of NHSI and SHSI Data on Sea Ice Extent
4. Complementary Results for Polar Motion and Length of Day
5. Comparison of Annual and Semi-Annual SSA Components of Polar Motion and Length of Day vs. Variations in Sea Ice Extent
6. Discussion and Conclusions
“The principal seasonal oscillation in the wobble is the annual term which has generally been attributed to a geographical redistribution of mass associated with meteorological causes. Jeffreys, in 1916, first attempted a detailed quantitative evaluation of this excitation function by considering the contributions from atmospheric and oceanic motion, of precipitation, of vegetation and of polar ice. Jeffreys concluded that these factors explain the observed annual polar motion, a conclusion still valid today, although the quantitative comparisons between the observed and computed annual components of the pole path are still not satisfactory. These discrepancies may be a consequence of (i) inadequate data for evaluating the known excitations functions, (ii) the neglect of additional excitation functions, (iii) systematic errors in the astronomical data, or (iv) year-to-year variability in the annual excitation functions”.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
“Nous avons fait voir (n°8), que le moyen mouvement de rotation de la Terre est uniforme, dans la supposition que cette planète est entièrement solide, et l’on vient de voir que la fluidité de la mer et de l’atmosphère ne doit point altérer ce résultat. Les mouvements que la chaleur du Soleil excite dans l’atmosphère, et d’où naissent les vents alizés semblent devoir diminuer la rotation de la Terre: ces vents soufflent entre les tropiques, d’occident en orient, et leur action continuelle sur la mer, sur les continents et les montagnes qu’ils rencontrent, paraît devoir affaiblir insensiblement ce mouvement de rotation. Mais le principe de conservation des aires, nous montre que l’effet total de l’atmosphère sur ce mouvement doit être insensible; car la chaleur solaire dilatant également l’air dans tous les sens, elle ne doit point altérer la somme des aires décrites par les rayons vecteurs de chaque molécule de la Terre et de l’atmosphère, et multipliées respectivement par leur molécules correspondantes; ce qui exige que le mouvement de rotation ne soit point diminué. Nous sommes donc assurés qu’en même temps que les vents analysés diminuent ce mouvement, les autres mouvements de l’atmosphère qui ont lieu au-delà des tropiques, l’accélèrent de la même quantité. On peut appliquer le même raisonnement aux tremblements de Terre, et en général, à tous ce qui peut agiter la Terre dans son intérieur et à sa surface. Le déplacement de ces parties peut seul altérer ce mouvement; si, par exemple un corps placé au pole, était transporté à l’équateur; la somme des aires devant toujours rester la même, le mouvement de la Terre en serait un peu diminué; mais pour que cela fut sensible, il faudrait supposer de grands changement dans la constitution de la Terre”.
Appendix B
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D | NHSI | SHSI | |
---|---|---|---|
lod | 152.5 ± 4.1 | 33.0 ± 1.1 | 153.7 ± 7.1 |
65.6 ± 2.1 | 153.8 ± 4.2 | 11.5 ± 2.4 |
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Lopes, F.; Courtillot, V.; Gibert, D.; Mouël, J.-L.L. On the Annual and Semi-Annual Components of Variations in Extent of Arctic and Antarctic Sea-Ice. Geosciences 2023, 13, 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13010021
Lopes F, Courtillot V, Gibert D, Mouël J-LL. On the Annual and Semi-Annual Components of Variations in Extent of Arctic and Antarctic Sea-Ice. Geosciences. 2023; 13(1):21. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13010021
Chicago/Turabian StyleLopes, Fernando, Vincent Courtillot, Dominique Gibert, and Jean-Louis Le Mouël. 2023. "On the Annual and Semi-Annual Components of Variations in Extent of Arctic and Antarctic Sea-Ice" Geosciences 13, no. 1: 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13010021