Molecular Effects of Inorganic and Methyl Mercury in Aquatic Primary Producers: Comparing Impact to A Macrophyte and A Green Microalga in Controlled Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Bioaccumulation of Hg in Aquatic Primary Producers
3. Effects of Hg Exposure on Different Levels of Biological Organization in Aquatic Primary Producers
3.1. Physiological Responses
3.2. Response at the Protein and the Gene Level
4. A Case Study: Comparison of Responses to IHg and MeHg Exposure in C. reinhardtii and E. nuttallii
4.1. Comparison of IHg and MeHg Bioaccumulation
4.2. Comparison of Whole Transcriptome Analyses
4.3. Comparison of Physiological Data
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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[Hg], Duration | Method | Main Results | Physiology | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
MACROPHYTES | ||||
Oryza sativa | ||||
25 µM IHg, 3 h | P: 2-D differential gel electrophoresis | 14 up-: e.g., protein disulfide isomerase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, 11 down-regulated proteins: e.g., fructokinase, cysteine synthase, enolase | lipid peroxidation ↑ root growth ↓ | ([63]) |
Elodea nuttallii | ||||
0.35 nM IHg, 24 h | P: 2D-differential gel electrophoresis | 4 up-, 18 down-regulated identified proteins: photosynthesis (e.g., light harvesting complex), defense/stress (e.g., POD), lignin synthesis (e.g., phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductase), glycolysis, carbon fixation, cytoskeleton organization (e.g., actin) | lignification of cell walls ↑ | ([33]) |
0.1 nM MeHg, 24 h | no effect | no effect | ||
0.004, 0.4 and 4 µM IHg, 24 h | T: RNA-Seq | dose-dependent up-regulation: e.g., interaction with the environment, HSP70 dose-dependent down-regulation: N-assimilation, metal transport, S metabolism | none measured | ([62]) |
0.4 nM IHg, 24 h | T: RNA-Seq | 79 up-, 48 down-regulated contigs no significant enriched biological pathway | POD activity ↓ SOD activity ↑ | ([40]) |
0.4 µM IHg, 24 h | 4472 up-: gene expression, fatty acid oxidation, 2273 down-regulated contigs: chloroplast, photosynthesis, chlorophyll biosynthesis | |||
1 and 10 nM MeHg, 2 h | T: RNA-Seq | 4389 and 16853 regulated genes: sugar, amino acid and secondary metabolism (e.g., cinnamic acid, flavonoids) at both concentrations. Genes coding for photosynthesis, membrane integrity, metal homeostasis, water transport and anti-oxidative enzymes at 10−8 M. | POD activity ↑ anthocyanin ↑ | ([43]) |
10 pM to 10 nM IHg and MeHg, 2 h | T: RNA-Seq | IHg: Up to 1677, MeHg up to 18,557 regulated genes: energy metabolism, development, transport, secondary metabolism. No specific GO categories for MeHg or IHg. | IHg: chlorophyll ↓ MeHg: antioxidant ↑ | ([7]) |
Field study 12 pM THg, 2 h | T: RNA-Seq | 8700 regulated genes: anti-oxidative response, gene regulation, energy metabolism, secondary metabolism, hormone metabolism, transport and stress, | no measurable bioaccumulation | ([6]) |
ALGAE | ||||
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | ||||
0.036 nM MeHg 2 h | T: RNA-Seq | 2080 up-, 1868 down-regulated: cell motility, transport, fatty acid degradation, phospholipids biosynthesis, cell organization, energy metabolism, RedOx, secondary metabolism | Photosynthesis efficiency ↑ | ([50]) |
0.37 nM MeHg 2 h | 2415 up-, 2369 down-regulated: cell motility, transport, fatty acid degradation and synthesis, energy metabolism, RedOx, secondary metabolsim | |||
10 pM to 10 nM IHg and MeHg, 2 h | T: RNA-Seq | Stronger regulation by MeHg than IHg; 8461 regulated: gene expression (nucleotide to protein synthesis, signaling), cell processes (motility, division, development), energy metabolism (photosynthesis, sugar metabolism), lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, stress and transport. No specific GO category for IHg. | Photosynthesis efficiency ↑ MeHg: ROS ↑ | ([36]) |
Field study 12 pM THg, 2 h | T: RNA-Seq | regulated genes energy metabolism, cell motility, transport, amino acids metabolism, and other metabolisms (lipids, hormones, vitamins, isoprenoids), gene regulation, stress and RedOx, cell structure, major CHO metabolism, lipid metabolism | no measurable bioaccumulation | ([6]) |
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Beauvais-Flück, R.; Slaveykova, V.I.; Cosio, C. Molecular Effects of Inorganic and Methyl Mercury in Aquatic Primary Producers: Comparing Impact to A Macrophyte and A Green Microalga in Controlled Conditions. Geosciences 2018, 8, 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8110393
Beauvais-Flück R, Slaveykova VI, Cosio C. Molecular Effects of Inorganic and Methyl Mercury in Aquatic Primary Producers: Comparing Impact to A Macrophyte and A Green Microalga in Controlled Conditions. Geosciences. 2018; 8(11):393. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8110393
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeauvais-Flück, Rebecca, Vera I. Slaveykova, and Claudia Cosio. 2018. "Molecular Effects of Inorganic and Methyl Mercury in Aquatic Primary Producers: Comparing Impact to A Macrophyte and A Green Microalga in Controlled Conditions" Geosciences 8, no. 11: 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8110393
APA StyleBeauvais-Flück, R., Slaveykova, V. I., & Cosio, C. (2018). Molecular Effects of Inorganic and Methyl Mercury in Aquatic Primary Producers: Comparing Impact to A Macrophyte and A Green Microalga in Controlled Conditions. Geosciences, 8(11), 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8110393