First Identification of Periodic Degassing Rhythms in Three Mineral Springs of the East Eifel Volcanic Field (EEVF, Germany)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Geological Setting
1.2. Description of the Three Investigated Mineral Springs
2. Materials and Methods
- CO2, He, and Rn concentrations;
- temporal relations and degassing rhythms;
- meteorological conditions; and
- earthquakes.
2.1. Gas Sampling and Analytical Methods
2.2. Meteorological Parameters
2.3. Earthquake Events
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Data Availability
3. Results
3.1. Gas Composition
3.2. Time Series
3.2.1. Fluctuations in Gas Concentrations
3.2.2. Temporal Variations of Concentrations and Carrier-Trace-Gas Couples in Springs
3.2.3. Fourier Transform (FT)
3.3. External Factors
3.3.1. Meteorological Conditions
3.3.2. Earthquakes
4. Discussion
4.1. Gas Content in the Studied Waters
4.2. Time Series
4.2.1. Temporal Relations and Coupled Gas Systems
4.2.2. Degassing Rhythms
5. Conclusions
- First identification of periodic degassing rhythms of 1 day and 2–5 days for CO2, He, and Rn in mineral springs of the East Eifel Volcanic field (EEVF) that correspond to analyses of soil gasses were done in a parallel study.
- Cross-correlation analyses, CO2–He coupling, and CO2–Rn coupling together suggest that Nette and Kärlich are directly linked via previously unknown tectonic fault systems.
- The volcanic activity in the EEVF is dormant but not extinct. To understand and monitor its magmatic and degassing systems in relation to new developments in earthquake processes and to identify seasonal variation in gas flux, we recommend continuous monitoring of geogenic gases in all available springs taken at short temporal intervals.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
(a) 7-M | Nette | Kärlich | Kobern | (b) 4-W | Nette | Kärlich | Kobern |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CO2 (Vol.%) | CO2 (Vol.%) | ||||||
Nette | 1 | Nette | 1 | ||||
Kärlich | 0.92 | 1 | Kärlich | 0.65 | 1 | ||
Kobern | 0.35 | 0.21 | 1 | Kobern | 0.12 | 0.35 | 1 |
He (ppb) | He (ppb) | ||||||
Nette | 1 | Nette | 1 | ||||
Kärlich | 0.75 | 1 | Kärlich | 0.76 | 1 | ||
Kobern | −0.59 | −0.53 | 1 | Kobern | 0.12 | 0.00 | 1 |
Rn (Bq/L) | Rn (Bq/L) | ||||||
Nette | 1 | Nette | 1 | ||||
Kärlich | 0.04 | 1 | Kärlich | 0.44 | 1 | ||
Kobern | 0.09 | 0.42 | 1 | Kobern | 0.19 | 0.52 | 1 |
Days | Cycles | CO2 Nette | CO2 Kärlich | CO2 Kobern | He Nette | He Kärlich | He Kobern | Rn Nette | Rn Kärlich | Rn Kobern |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.33 | |||||||||
0.66 | 7 | 11 | 14 | 76,846 | 2803 | 6528 | 32 | 43 | 37 | |
1.00 | 8 | 13 | 44 | 94,651 | 4032 | 7605 | 30 | 82 | 32 | |
2 | 1.33 | 6 | 20 | 31 | 92,905 | 5979 | 7864 | 29 | 82 | 46 |
1.66 | 13 | 16 | 28 | 94,394 | 4098 | 2581 | 32 | 81 | 36 | |
2.00 | 9 | 14 | 19 | 94,997 | 6743 | 5544 | 25 | 52 | 26 | |
3 | 2.33 | 9 | 11 | 34 | 78,069 | 2608 | 3975 | 21 | 48 | 25 |
2.66 | 7 | 2 | 26 | 55,541 | 1188 | 565 | 25 | 85 | 19 | |
3.00 | 11 | 19 | 20 | 48,987 | 2531 | 5596 | 26 | 85 | 27 | |
4 | 3.33 | 15 | 25 | 20 | 44,947 | 3720 | 8418 | 26 | 83 | 11 |
3.66 | 10 | 25 | 22 | 35,557 | 5889 | 7849 | 22 | 93 | 15 | |
4.00 | ||||||||||
5 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 59,780 | 4918 | 8054 | 16 | 56 | 12 | |
5.00 | 11 | 10 | 15 | 69,155 | 1777 | 4185 | 15 | 33 | 31 | |
6 | ||||||||||
6.00 | 7 | 24 | 26 | 49,106 | 3398 | 3773 | 12 | 62 | 52 | |
7 | ||||||||||
7.00 | ||||||||||
8 | 13 | 23 | 22 | 60,093 | 5166 | 4753 | 16 | 18 | 30 | |
8.00 | ||||||||||
9 | ||||||||||
9.00 | ||||||||||
10 | ||||||||||
10.00 | 31 | 20 | 27 | 136,078 | 8928 | 7648 | 20 | 34 | 17 | |
11 | ||||||||||
11.00 | ||||||||||
12 | ||||||||||
12.00 | ||||||||||
13 | ||||||||||
13.00 | ||||||||||
14 | ||||||||||
14.00 | ||||||||||
15 | ||||||||||
15.00 | 42 | 8 | 18 | 153,949 | 6666 | 11,316 | 28 | 122 | 17 | |
30 | 30 | 76 | 25 | 16 | 90,588 | 4707 | 13,573 | 34 | 191 | 49 |
4-W Sampling | Nette | Kärlich | Kobern |
---|---|---|---|
CO2 (Vol.%) | |||
Air temperature | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.20 |
Air pressure | −0.19 | −0.09 | −0.11 |
Humidity | 0.06 | −0.21 | −0.12 |
Wind speed | −0.07 | −0.19 | −0.22 |
He (ppb) | |||
Air temperature | −0.02 | 0.00 | 0.07 |
Air pressure | −0.03 | −0.16 | −0.09 |
Humidity | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.03 |
Wind speed | −0.03 | −0.23 | −0.08 |
Rn (Bq/L) | |||
Air temperature | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.13 |
Air pressure | 0.00 | −0.19 | −0.13 |
Humidity | −0.01 | −0.09 | −0.12 |
Wind speed | −0.18 | −0.06 | −0.05 |
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Location | Data Type | Cyclic Period | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Campi Flegrei caldera, Italy | Volcano–tectonic earthquakes, Earth tides, rainfall and atmospheric pressure | 0.4–366 days | [7] |
Erebus volcano, Antarctica | Spectroscopic data of H2O, CO2, CO, SO2, HF, HCl, and OCS | ≈1.4–≈2.8 days for H2O, CO2 | [10] |
Llaima and Villarrica volcanoes, Chile | SO2 flux, tidal forces | 28–33 days 13–16 days 6–9 days 1 day 0.5 day ≈7 days (maxima) | [9] |
Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat | Ozone monitoring | 7–8 days | [8] |
Earthquakes | ≈200 days ≈100 days ≈50 days | [11] | |
Time series of absorption spectra (2002–2009) of long-term SO2 flux | 2–3 y; ≈50 days 10–14 days | [13] | |
Discharge pulse and rockfall events | 2–6 weeks 11–16 days | [14] | |
Lava flux and deformation data | 10 h ≈2 days | [15] | |
Coupled seismic and model data | 40 days | [16] | |
Deformation and seismic | 2.5 h–2.6 days | [12] | |
Observed resurgence of lava extrusion (1997) | 36–52 days | [17] |
Parameters | 7-M (bi-weekly; 1 March–30 September 2016) (a) | 4-W (8-h; 12 July–11 August 2016) (b) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Mean | Median | SD | CV | Min | Max | Mean | Median | SD | CV | |
Temperature (°C) | −0.60 | 33.50 | 14.62 | 15.10 | 6.13 | 0.42 | 5.70 | 33.50 | 18.03 | 17.70 | 4.38 | 0.24 |
Atm. Press. (hPa) | 965.20 | 998.30 | 981.88 | 982.30 | 6.06 | 0.01 | 978.20 | 994.20 | 984.98 | 984.80 | 3.80 | 0.00 |
Dew-point (°C) | −6.30 | 22.30 | 9.27 | 10.60 | 5.43 | 0.59 | 5.00 | 21.40 | 13.15 | 13.40 | 3.04 | 0.23 |
Rel. humidity (%) | 20.00 | 99.00 | 72.70 | 74.00 | 17.66 | 0.24 | 30.00 | 99.00 | 75.15 | 77.00 | 16.36 | 0.22 |
Rainfall (mm) | 0.00 | 66.90 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.65 | 13.32 | 0.00 | 3.30 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 6.06 |
Windspeed (km/h) | 0.00 | 23.40 | 2.09 | 1.10 | 2.12 | 1.02 | 0.00 | 12.20 | 1.48 | 1.10 | 1.71 | 1.16 |
Parameters | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 |
---|---|---|---|
Loadings (>|0.3|) | |||
Air pressure | −0.59 | ||
Temperature | −0.68 | ||
Dew Point | −0.51 | 0.34 | 0.45 |
Relative Humidity | 0.34 | 0.64 | |
Rainfall | 0.50 | ||
Windspeed | −0.57 | 0.31 | |
Cumulative Variance Explained (%) | 31 | 56 | 79 |
Geogenic Gases | 7-M (bi-weekly; 01 March–30 September 2016) (a) | 4-W (8-h; 12 July–11 August 2016) (b) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean | Median | Min | Max | SD | N | Mean | Median | Min | Max | SD | ||
Nette | He (ppm) | 16 | 47.06 | 49.74 | 17.37 | 58.17 | 10.91 | 79 | 49.20 | 50.29 | 20.83 | 110.40 | 13.24 |
Rn (Bq/L) | 16 | 6.47 | 6.26 | 2.62 | 9.46 | 1.88 | 79 | 8.01 | 6.58 | 0.56 | 59.90 | 8.08 | |
CO2 (Vol.%) | 16 | 89.88 | 90.00 | 82.00 | 96.00 | 3.96 | 76 | 84.79 | 88.00 | 62.00 | 94.00 | 6.34 | |
Kärlich | He (ppm) | 16 | 7.77 | 7.80 | 6.21 | 9.03 | 0.84 | 79 | 7.84 | 7.77 | 6.02 | 10.95 | 0.82 |
Rn (Bq/L) | 16 | 72.44 | 73.69 | 38.32 | 114.02 | 15.22 | 79 | 73.73 | 78.11 | 4.91 | 92.33 | 15.58 | |
CO2 (Vol.%) | 16 | 91.07 | 92.00 | 86.00 | 96.00 | 3.61 | 76 | 86.34 | 86.00 | 74.00 | 96.00 | 3.95 | |
Kobern | He (ppm) | 16 | 2.97 | 2.02 | 0.98 | 1.11 | 2.55 | 79 | 4.38 | 4.48 | 1.00 | 7.50 | 1.24 |
Rn (Bq/L) | 16 | 45.78 | 46.63 | 16.90 | 64.84 | 11.41 | 79 | 48.66 | 49.97 | 7.82 | 79.78 | 9.67 | |
CO2 (Vol.%) | 16 | 78.13 | 79.00 | 50.00 | 92.00 | 10.42 | 76 | 74.61 | 74.00 | 64.00 | 88.00 | 4.49 |
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Berberich, G.M.; Berberich, M.B.; Ellison, A.M.; Wöhler, C. First Identification of Periodic Degassing Rhythms in Three Mineral Springs of the East Eifel Volcanic Field (EEVF, Germany). Geosciences 2019, 9, 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9040189
Berberich GM, Berberich MB, Ellison AM, Wöhler C. First Identification of Periodic Degassing Rhythms in Three Mineral Springs of the East Eifel Volcanic Field (EEVF, Germany). Geosciences. 2019; 9(4):189. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9040189
Chicago/Turabian StyleBerberich, Gabriele M., Martin B. Berberich, Aaron M. Ellison, and Christian Wöhler. 2019. "First Identification of Periodic Degassing Rhythms in Three Mineral Springs of the East Eifel Volcanic Field (EEVF, Germany)" Geosciences 9, no. 4: 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9040189