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Review

Global Disappearance of Tropical Mountain Glaciers: Observations, Causes, and Challenges

by
Bijeesh Kozhikkodan Veettil
1,2,* and
Ulrich Kamp
3
1
Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
2
Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
3
Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Geosciences 2019, 9(5), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9050196
Submission received: 12 February 2019 / Revised: 8 April 2019 / Accepted: 26 April 2019 / Published: 30 April 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cryosphere II)
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Abstract

This article reviews the current status of tropical glaciers in the South American Andes, East Africa, and Australasia by shedding light on past, present, and future glacier coverage in the tropics, the influence of global and regional climates on the tropical glaciers, the regional importance of these glaciers, and challenges of ongoing glacier recessions. While tropical glaciers have predominantly receded since the Little Ice Age, the rate of shrinkage has accelerated since the late 1970s as a result of climate changes. As a result, socio-ecological implications occur around ecosystem health, natural hazards, freshwater resources, agriculture, hydropower, mining, human and animal health, traditions and spirituality, and peace.
Keywords: tropical glaciers; climate change; glacier extinction; water resources; adaptation strategies tropical glaciers; climate change; glacier extinction; water resources; adaptation strategies

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MDPI and ACS Style

Veettil, B.K.; Kamp, U. Global Disappearance of Tropical Mountain Glaciers: Observations, Causes, and Challenges. Geosciences 2019, 9, 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9050196

AMA Style

Veettil BK, Kamp U. Global Disappearance of Tropical Mountain Glaciers: Observations, Causes, and Challenges. Geosciences. 2019; 9(5):196. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9050196

Chicago/Turabian Style

Veettil, Bijeesh Kozhikkodan, and Ulrich Kamp. 2019. "Global Disappearance of Tropical Mountain Glaciers: Observations, Causes, and Challenges" Geosciences 9, no. 5: 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9050196

APA Style

Veettil, B. K., & Kamp, U. (2019). Global Disappearance of Tropical Mountain Glaciers: Observations, Causes, and Challenges. Geosciences, 9(5), 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9050196

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