Association of Urinary and Dietary Selenium and of Serum Selenium Species with Serum Alanine Aminotransferase in a Healthy Italian Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Population of the Study
2.2. Laboratory Determinations
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | All | Men | Women | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | Urinary Se (µg/L) | Dietary Se (µg/day) | Serum Se (µg/day) | N | % | Urinary Se (µg/L) | Dietary Se (µg/day) | Serum Se (µg/day) | N | % | Urinary Se (µg/L) | Dietary Se (µg/day) | Serum Se (µg/day) | |
Overall | 137 | 100 | 26.77 | 84.09 | 117.44 | 62 | 45.3 | 29.00 | 89.97 | 119.22 | 75 | 54.7 | 24.92 | 79.23 | 115.80 |
Age | |||||||||||||||
<50 years | 80 | 58.4 | 27.23 | 86.13 | 116.75 | 39 | 62.9 | 30.17 | 90.94 | 119.03 | 41 | 54.7 | 24.44 | 81.55 | 114.47 |
≥50 years | 57 | 41.6 | 26.12 | 81.24 | 118.39 | 23 | 37.1 | 27.04 | 88.32 | 119.50 | 34 | 45.3 | 25.50 | 76.44 | 117.46 |
Body Mass Index | |||||||||||||||
<25 kg/m2 | 74 | 54.0 | 25.59 | 82.21 | 116.50 | 32 | 51.6 | 28.47 | 91.10 | 116.92 | 42 | 56.0 | 23.39 | 75.44 | 116.13 |
≥25 kg/m2–<30 kg/m2 | 50 | 36.5 | 28.58 | 84.22 | 119.85 | 27 | 43.6 | 29.49 | 87.04 | 122.14 | 23 | 30.7 | 27.52 | 80.92 | 117.06 |
≥30 kg/m2 | 13 | 9.5 | 26.52 | 94.31 | 112.00 | 3 | 4.8 | 30.40 | 104.27 | 117.00 | 10 | 13.3 | 25.36 | 91.32 | 110.33 |
Smoking habits | |||||||||||||||
Never | 101 | 73.7 | 26.10 | 83.95 | 117.49 | 45 | 72.6 | 28.77 | 88.60 | 118.94 | 56 | 74.7 | 23.95 | 80.21 | 116.24 |
Former | 36 | 26.3 | 28.66 | 84.50 | 117.32 | 17 | 27.4 | 29.64 | 93.60 | 119.87 | 19 | 25.3 | 27.79 | 76.36 | 114.38 |
Selenium supplement users | |||||||||||||||
No | 94 | 68.6 | 25.06 | 87.56 | 117.27 | 46 | 74.2 | 29.80 | 94.65 | 119.03 | 48 | 64.0 | 22.46 | 80.76 | 115.42 |
Yes | 23 | 16.8 | 29.08 | 80.14 | 118.69 | 6 | 9.7 | 27.75 | 72.37 | 122.00 | 17 | 22.7 | 29.55 | 82.88 | 117.22 |
Former | 20 | 14.6 | 27.48 | 72.34 | 117.23 | 10 | 16.1 | 26.11 | 78.97 | 118.67 | 10 | 13.3 | 28.85 | 65.71 | 116.00 |
Marital status | |||||||||||||||
Married/unmarried partner | 97 | 70.8 | 26.78 | 83.10 | 116.68 | 44 | 71.0 | 29.72 | 87.69 | 117.77 | 53 | 70.7 | 24.34 | 79.28 | 115.71 |
Single | 26 | 19.0 | 27.65 | 87.72 | 119.25 | 12 | 19.4 | 28.80 | 104.28 | 121.80 | 14 | 18.7 | 26.66 | 73.52 | 116.70 |
Separated/divorced | 14 | 10.2 | 25.07 | 84.26 | 119.00 | 6 | 9.6 | 24.20 | 78.05 | 123.17 | 8 | 10.7 | 25.73 | 88.91 | 114.83 |
Educational level | |||||||||||||||
Elementary school | 2 | 1.5 | 37.26 | 146.96 | 131.50 | 2 | 3.2 | 37.26 | 146.96 | 131.50 | - | - | - | - | - |
Middle school | 20 | 14.6 | 25.99 | 84.79 | 120.07 | 8 | 12.9 | 29.46 | 80.08 | 126.14 | 12 | 16.0 | 23.67 | 87.92 | 114.75 |
High school | 66 | 48.2 | 23.87 | 82.73 | 116.20 | 28 | 45.2 | 24.98 | 90.92 | 114.20 | 38 | 50.7 | 23.05 | 76.70 | 117.93 |
College or more | 49 | 35.8 | 30.57 | 83.07 | 117.43 | 24 | 38.7 | 32.87 | 87.40 | 122.50 | 25 | 33.3 | 28.37 | 78.92 | 112.65 |
Occupation | |||||||||||||||
Managers | 9 | 6.6 | 21.30 | 84.83 | 118.58 | 6 | 9.7 | 21.42 | 80.45 | 117.51 | 3 | 4.0 | 21.04 | 93.60 | 120.00 |
Professionals | 26 | 19.0 | 30.16 | 91.07 | 119.21 | 12 | 19.4 | 33.81 | 104.05 | 130.11 | 14 | 18.7 | 27.03 | 79.93 | 109.40 |
Technicians/associate professionals | 21 | 15.3 | 25.96 | 82.74 | 115.00 | 11 | 17.7 | 23.41 | 89.03 | 116.89 | 10 | 13.3 | 28.75 | 75.82 | 112.57 |
Clerical support workers | 43 | 31.4 | 25.78 | 79.34 | 115.48 | 12 | 19.4 | 32.10 | 82.18 | 104.50 | 31 | 41.3 | 22.99 | 78.24 | 119.00 |
Service and sales workers | 11 | 8.0 | 26.65 | 71.98 | 111.33 | 2 | 3.2 | 22.71 | 81.07 | 108.00 | 9 | 12.0 | 27.52 | 69.96 | 113.00 |
Craft and related trade workers | 10 | 7.3 | 22.16 | 80.73 | 114.60 | 8 | 12.9 | 24.80 | 82.40 | 114.63 | 2 | 2.7 | 11.61 | 74.09 | 114.50 |
Plant and machine operators | 11 | 8.0 | 35.63 | 94.40 | 122.63 | 8 | 12.9 | 36.22 | 100.51 | 126.29 | 3 | 4.0 | 34.05 | 78.12 | 97.00 |
Elementary occupations | 6 | 4.4 | 21.92 | 100.44 | 134.60 | 3 | 4.8 | 25.78 | 85.25 | 138.33 | 3 | 4.0 | 18.07 | 115.63 | 129.00 |
All (n = 137) | Men (n = 62) | Women (n = 75) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | |
ALT (U/L) | 27 | 22–35 | 30 | 26–43 | 24 | 20–29 |
Dietary Se intake (µg/day) | 78.74 | 62.62–101.48 | 88.37 | 69.77–108.28 | 71.06 | 54.77–91.68 |
Urinary Se concentration (µg/L) | 22.02 | 14.64–37.15 | 24.21 | 16.72–39.20 | 21.30 | 13.30–34.66 |
Total serum Se concentration (µg/L) 1 | 116.50 | 106.00–128.00 | 118.00 | 109.00–132.00 | 115.00 | 105.00–125.00 |
All (n = 104) | Men (n = 50) | Women (n = 54) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | |
Organic Se (µg/L) | 102.24 | 84.53–113.86 | 100.56 | 79.28–117.28 | 102.58 | 87.24–112.13 |
SELENOP (µg/L) | 84.81 | 64.23–104.05 | 79.44 | 59.88–105.03 | 86.02 | 72.48–101.65 |
Se-GPX (µg/L) | 5.46 | 2.12–8.88 | 3.72 | 1.47–9.03 | 5.74 | 2.45–8.16 |
Se-TXNRD (µg/L) | 0.40 | 0.03–1.51 | 0.46 | 0.03–1.66 | 0.12 | 0.03–1.31 |
Se-Met (µg/L) | 2.74 | 1.41–5.23 | 2.81 | 1.63–5.10 | 2.55 | 1.23–5.67 |
Se-Cys (µg/L) | 1.91 | 0.45–3.61 | 1.93 | 0.42–4.06 | 1.91 | 0.49–3.43 |
Inorganic Se (µg/L) | 9.67 | 3.73–22.94 | 10.02 | 3.66–28.70 | 8.74 | 3.74–19.28 |
Se (IV) (µg/L) | 4.37 | 1.57–13.83 | 4.38 | 1.21–19.09 | 4.37 | 1.77–11.95 |
Se (VI) (µg/L) | 3.30 | 1.01–8.17 | 3.85 | 0.97–9.46 | 3.07 | 1.04–7.61 |
Se-HSA (µg/L) | 1.12 | 0.03–3.06 | 1.06 | 0.03–4.02 | 1.24 | 0.03–2.85 |
Selenium Biomarkers | Crude | Adjusted | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
β | (95% CI) | β | (95% CI) | |
Urinary Se concentration (µg/L) | 0.14 | (0.03, 0.26) | 0.11 | (0.003, 0.21) |
Dietary Se intake (µg/day) | 0.07 | (0.004, 0.13) | 0.03 | (−0.02, 0.09) |
Total serum Se concentration (µg/L) 1 | −0.04 | (−0.16, 0.09) | −0.04 | (−0.16, 0.08) |
Organic Se (µg/L) | −0.02 | (−0.09, 0.06) | 0.01 | (−0.06, 0.08) |
SELENOP (µg/L) | −0.02 | (−0.09, 0.05) | 0.01 | (−0.06, 0.07) |
Se-GPX (µg/L) | 0.06 | (−0.33, 0.45) | 0.09 | (−0.29, 0.47) |
Se-TXNRD (µg/L) 2 | 0.17 | (−1.22, 1.57) | −0.24 | (−1.55, 1.07) |
Se-Met (µg/L) 2 | 0.03 | (−0.46, 0.51) | 0.04 | (−0.41, 0.49) |
Se-Cys (µg/L) 2 | 0.30 | (−0.57, 1.18) | 0.27 | (−0.55, 1.10) |
Inorganic Se (µg/L) | −0.001 | (−0.10, 0.10) | −0.02 | (−0.11, 0.07) |
Se (IV) (µg/L) 2 | 0.03 | (−0.12, 0.19) | −0.002 | (−0.15, 0.14) |
Se (VI) (µg/L) 2 | −0.14 | (−0.37, 0.10) | −0.14 | (−0.36, 0.08) |
Se-HSA (µg/L) 2 | −0.54 | (−1.13, 0.06) | −0.56 | (−1.11, −0.01) |
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Urbano, T.; Filippini, T.; Lasagni, D.; De Luca, T.; Grill, P.; Sucato, S.; Polledri, E.; Djeukeu Noumbi, G.; Malavolti, M.; Santachiara, A.; et al. Association of Urinary and Dietary Selenium and of Serum Selenium Species with Serum Alanine Aminotransferase in a Healthy Italian Population. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1516. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101516
Urbano T, Filippini T, Lasagni D, De Luca T, Grill P, Sucato S, Polledri E, Djeukeu Noumbi G, Malavolti M, Santachiara A, et al. Association of Urinary and Dietary Selenium and of Serum Selenium Species with Serum Alanine Aminotransferase in a Healthy Italian Population. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(10):1516. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101516
Chicago/Turabian StyleUrbano, Teresa, Tommaso Filippini, Daniela Lasagni, Tiziana De Luca, Peter Grill, Sabrina Sucato, Elisa Polledri, Guy Djeukeu Noumbi, Marcella Malavolti, Annalisa Santachiara, and et al. 2021. "Association of Urinary and Dietary Selenium and of Serum Selenium Species with Serum Alanine Aminotransferase in a Healthy Italian Population" Antioxidants 10, no. 10: 1516. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101516
APA StyleUrbano, T., Filippini, T., Lasagni, D., De Luca, T., Grill, P., Sucato, S., Polledri, E., Djeukeu Noumbi, G., Malavolti, M., Santachiara, A., Pertinhez, T. A., Baricchi, R., Fustinoni, S., Michalke, B., & Vinceti, M. (2021). Association of Urinary and Dietary Selenium and of Serum Selenium Species with Serum Alanine Aminotransferase in a Healthy Italian Population. Antioxidants, 10(10), 1516. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101516