Oxysterols and Retinal Microvascular Dysfunction as Early Risk Markers for Cardiovascular Disease in Normal, Ageing Individuals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. General Investigations
2.3. Dynamic Retinal Vessel Analysis
2.4. Biomarkers Assays
2.5. Measurement of Glutathione (GSH) and Oxidized Glutathione (GSSG)
2.6. Measurement of Nitric Oxide
2.7. Measurement of Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
2.8. Extraction and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of Plasma Oxysterols
2.9. Sample Size and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Characteristics
3.2. Retinal Microvascular Function
3.3. Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers
3.4. Correlations between Vascular and Systemic Circulatory Parameters
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | (19–30) Year | (31–50) Year | (51–70) Year | p-Value | Post-Hoc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 16 10M:6F | 16 8M:8F | 10 4M:6F | - | - |
Age (years) | 24.54 (1.74) | 37.81 (1.57) | 60.75 (2.22) | 0.0001 * | 1 < 2 < 3 |
SBP (mmHg) | 115.27 (3.80) | 114.7 (3.95) | 118.5 (5.10) | 0.82946 | - |
DBP (mmHg) | 64.64 (2.54) | 70.9 (2.67) | 72.5 (3.44) | 0.13002 | - |
HR (bpm) | 63.17 (3.29) | 68.1 (2.55) | 66.18 (2.43) | 0.50522 | - |
IOP (mmHg) | 12.93 (0.57) | 13.23 (0.60) | 14.83 (0.80) | 0.14723 | - |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.34 (1.13) | 26.02 (1.19) | 26.59 (1.53) | 0.16039 | - |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.41 (0.21) | 4.99 (0.28) | 4.68 (0.28) | 0.26740 | - |
TG (mmol/L) | 0.83 (0.065) | 1.0 (0.081) | 0.96 (0.088) | 0.22376 | - |
CHOL (mmol/L) | 3.95 (0.17) | 4.14 (0.21) | 4.93 (0.24) | 0.0071 * | 1 < 2 < 3 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.33 (0.08) | 1.44 (0.10) | 1.25 (0.12) | 0.50590 | - |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.28 (0.17) | 2.60 (0.21) | 3.01 (0.24) | 0.01116 * | 1 < 2 < 3 |
LDL-C/HDL-C | 1.64 (0.13) | 1.85 (0.2) | 2.37 (0.19) | 0.0658 | 1 = 2 3 > 1,2 |
Variable | (19–30) Year | (31–50) Year | (51–70) Year | p-Value Anova/Ancova | Post-Hoc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 117.44 (4.24) | 116.60 (4.45) | 113.41(5.74) | 0.61902 | |
BDF | 7.06 (0.65) | 5.92 (0.70) | 3.49 (0.88) | 0.0140 * | 1 > 2 > 3 |
BCFR | 4.90 (0.72) | 4.81 (0.80) | 2.54 (0.90) | 0.1058 | - |
MD | 124.94 (4.13) | 121.76 (4.60) | 117.02 (5.20) | 0.4986 | - |
tMD | 14.67 (0.77) | 16.15 (0.73) | 19.29 (0.83) | 0.0254 * | 1 < 2 < 3 |
MD % | 5.64 (0.63) | 4.50 (0.70) | 3.24 (0.79) | 0.0360 * | 1 > 2 > 3 |
MC | 112.99 (4.32) | 113.24 (4.78) | 112.80 (5.42) | 0.5985 | - |
tMC | 25.39 (2.34) | 28.93 (2.60) | 27.523 (2.93) | 0.5974 | - |
MC% | −3.85 (0.36) | −2.43 (0.4) | −1.70 (0.46) | 0.0040 * | 1 > 2 > 3 |
DA | 11.95 (1.27) | 9.74 (1.40) | 6.04 (1.60) | 0.0230 * | 1 > 2 > 3 |
SlopeAD | 0.52 (0.11) | 0.51 (0.12) | 0.26 (0.14) | 0.3030 | - |
SlopeAC | −0.62 (0.062) | −0.38 (0.07) | −0.30 (0.08) | 0.0055 * | 1 > 2, 2 = 3, 1 > 3 |
Variable | (19–30) Year | (31–50) Year | (51–70) Year | p-Value Anova/Ancova | Post-Hoc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 142.47 (4.25) | 143.55 (4.70) | 131.39 (5.33) | 0.19389 | - |
BDF | 5.45 (0.75) | 5.02 (0.84) | 5.61 (0.95) | 0.88379 | - |
BCFR | 3.00 (0.85) | 4.87 (0.95) | 3.14 (1.07) | 0.30859 | - |
MD | 149.09 (4.44) | 150.26 (4.91) | 138.19 (5.60) | 0.22687 | - |
tMD | 23.76 (1.47) | 19.37 (1.63) | 21.95 (1.85) | 0.15744 | - |
MD % | 4.66 (0.66) | 4.75 (0.74) | 5.15 (0.83) | 0.89666 | - |
MC | 140.64 (4.24) | 140.37 (4.69) | 129.44 (5.32) | 0.22113 | - |
tMC | 32.12 (2.16) | 34.41 (2.40) | 33.71 (2.71) | 0.76678 | - |
MC% | −1.30 (0.45) | −2.20 (0.49) | −1.50 (0.56) | 0.38622 | - |
DA | 8.45 (1.36) | 9.90 (1.50) | 8.75 (1.70) | 0.76728 | - |
SlopeVD | 0.33 (0.046) | 0.36 (0.051) | 0.35 (0.06) | 0.86531 | - |
SlopeVC | −0.60 (0.12) | −0.31 (0.13) | −0.39 (0.14) | 0.22394 | - |
Variable | (19–30) Year | (31–50) Year | (51–70) Year | p-Value Anova/Ancova | Post-Hoc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
7-KC (nmol/mmol) | 10.49 (1.71) | 13.28 (1.17) | 17.26 (1.17) | 0.0051 * | 1 < 2 < 3 |
25-OHC (nmol/mmol) | 16.42 (3.86) | 20.86 (2.65) | 30.56 (2.65) | 0.0067 * | 1 < 2 < 3 |
27-OHC (nmol/mmol) | 16.61 (3.05) | 20.55 (2.09) | 26.79 (2.09) | 0.0192 * | 1 < 2 < 3 |
4β-OHC (nmol/mmol) | 1.02 (0.35) | 0.81 (0.24) | 1.14 (0.24) | 0.6054 | - |
7β-OHC (nmol/mmol) | 6.65 (1.70) | 9.86 (1.17) | 12.74 (1.17) | 0.0168 * | 1 < 2 < 3 |
7,27-OHC (nmol/mmol) | 8.45 (2.30) | 8.64 (1.57) | 10.65 (1.57) | 0.5986 | - |
7,25-OHC (nmol/mmol) | 5.60 (2.60) | 8.89 (1.78) | 11.41 (1.80) | 0.0113 * | 1 < 2 < 3 |
NO (uM) | 46.45 (4.37) | 43.02 (3.39) | 39.73 (3.10) | 0.4495 | |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 3.23 (0.45) | 3.24 (0.31) | 3.09 (0.31) | 0.9424 | - |
GSH/GSSG | 27.25(7.95) | 20.84 (7.95) | 17.05 (8.60) | 0.0279 * | 1 > 2 > 3 |
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Shokr, H.; Dias, I.H.; Gherghel, D. Oxysterols and Retinal Microvascular Dysfunction as Early Risk Markers for Cardiovascular Disease in Normal, Ageing Individuals. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111756
Shokr H, Dias IH, Gherghel D. Oxysterols and Retinal Microvascular Dysfunction as Early Risk Markers for Cardiovascular Disease in Normal, Ageing Individuals. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(11):1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111756
Chicago/Turabian StyleShokr, Hala, Irundika HK Dias, and Doina Gherghel. 2021. "Oxysterols and Retinal Microvascular Dysfunction as Early Risk Markers for Cardiovascular Disease in Normal, Ageing Individuals" Antioxidants 10, no. 11: 1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111756