Roles and Therapeutic Implications of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Regulation of ER Stress and Integration with Other Signaling Networks
3. ER Stress Linking to Cardiovascular Complications in Diabetes and Obesity
4. ER Stress in Atherosclerosis
5. Hypertension
6. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
7. Hyperhomocysteinemia
8. Myocardial Infarction
9. Stroke
10. ER Stress as Drug Target to Combat against CVD
11. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Drugs or Herbs | Action Mechanism | Cardiovascular Disease | References |
---|---|---|---|
4-phenyl butyric acid (PBA) | ↑ insulin sensitivity; ↓ blood pressure, fatty liver disease, cardiomyocyte UPR activity, cardiac fibrosis, TGF-β1, cPLA2/COX, arterial remodeling, right ventricular hypertrophy. | Diabetes and obesity, hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension | [61,118,119,128,129,130] |
taurine-conjugated ursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) | ↑ insulin sensitivity, endothelium-dependent relaxation; ↓ blood pressure, fatty liver disease, cardiomyocyte UPR activity, cardiac fibrosis, TGF-β1, cPLA2/COX, Nox2, Nox4, body weight. | Diabetic vasculopathy, diabetic retinopathy, hypertension | [61,118,119,128,129,130] |
Metformin | ↑ AMPK, PPARδ, eNOS activity, NO production; ↓ ER stress, oxidative stress. | Diabetic vasculopathy | [91,92,93] |
AG1478 | ↑ endothelium-dependent relaxation; ↓ Nox2, Nox4. | Diabetic retinopathy | [101] |
Mangiferin | ↑ TXNIP, NLRP3 inflammasome, IL-1β, IL-6, NO. | Diabetic vasculopathy | [103] |
nicorandil | ↑ insulin resistance; ↓ PERK inhibition. | Diabetes | [62] |
Kaempferol | ↑ caspase-3, caspase-7; ↓ GRP78, CHOP. | Atherosclerosis | [112] |
Atrovastatin | ↑ AMPK. | Atherosclerosis | [113] |
hydrogen sulfide | chemical chaperones. | Pulmonary arterial hypertension | [115] |
intermedin | chemical chaperones. | Pulmonary arterial hypertension | [131] |
4u8c | chemical chaperones;↓ IRE1α/XBP1 inhibition. | Pulmonary arterial hypertension | [132] |
black tea | ↓ ER stress, oxidative stress, blood pressure, endothelial dysfunction. | Hyperhomocysteinemia | [120] |
Enalapril | ↓ ER stress, blood pressure. | Hyperhomocysteinemia | [148] |
Piceatannol | ↓ apoptosis, oxidative stress, ER stress. | Hyperhomocysteinemia | [149] |
Atorvastatin | ↑ AMPK; ↓ ER stress. | Hyperhomocysteinemia | [150,151] |
salidroside | ↓ Bip, CHOP, PERK phosphorylation, IRE1α phosphorylation. | Hyperhomocysteinemia | [152] |
Alpha-lipoic acid | ↓ ER stress, oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation. | Hyperhomocysteinemia | [153] |
Exendin-4 | ↑ AMPK; ↓ ER stress, superoxide anion production. | Hyperhomocysteinemia | [154]. |
Zinc finger protein ZBTB20 | ↓ TNFα, ASK1, JNK, NADPH oxidase. | Myocardial infarction | [161] |
Valsartan | ↓ ASK1. | Myocardial infarction | [162] |
Panax notoginseng flower | ↑ HIF-1, VEGFA, KDR, Bcl-2, Bax. | Myocardial infarction | [163] |
Taurine | ↓ TF-6 and IRE-1. | Stroke | [169] |
Apelin-36 | ↓ CHOP/GRP78. | Stroke | [170] |
Basic fibroblast growth factor | ↑ PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2; ↓ CHOP, ATF6. | Stroke | [171] |
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Zhou, Y.; Murugan, D.D.; Khan, H.; Huang, Y.; Cheang, W.S. Roles and Therapeutic Implications of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1167. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081167
Zhou Y, Murugan DD, Khan H, Huang Y, Cheang WS. Roles and Therapeutic Implications of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(8):1167. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081167
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Yan, Dharmani Devi Murugan, Haroon Khan, Yu Huang, and Wai San Cheang. 2021. "Roles and Therapeutic Implications of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases" Antioxidants 10, no. 8: 1167. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081167