Antioxidant, Anti-α-Glucosidase, Antityrosinase, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Bioactive Components from Morus alba
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagent
2.2. Preparation of Morus alba L. Extract
2.3. Preparation of Active Components
2.4. Reverse-Phase HPLC
2.5. Determination of Total Phenolic Content
2.6. Determination of Total Flavonoid Content
2.7. DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity
2.8. ABTS Radical Scavenging Activity
2.9. Superoxide Radical Scavenging Activity
2.10. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP)
2.11. α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity Assay
2.12. Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity Assay
2.13. Cell Culture
2.14. Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Assay
2.15. MTT Assay
2.16. Western Blot Analysis
2.17. Molecular Modeling Docking Study
2.18. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Determination of TPC, TFC and Yields in Each Solvent Extract
3.2. DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Activity
3.3. ABTS Free Radical Scavenging Activity
3.4. Superoxide Radical Scavenging Activity
3.5. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power
3.6. Anti-α-Glucosidase Activity Assay
3.7. Antityrosinase Activity Assay
3.8. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Solvents
3.9. Cell Viability of Extracts
3.10. Quantitation of Active Components in Solvent Extracts
3.11. Antioxidant Activities of Isolated Components
3.12. Anti-α-Glucosidase Activities of Isolated Components
3.13. Antityrosinase Activities of Isolated Components
3.14. Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Isolated Components
3.15. Cell Viability of Isolated Components
3.16. Western Blot Analysis of Isolated Components
3.17. Molecular Modeling Docking
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Extracting Solvent | Relative Polarity | TPC (mg/g) a (GAE) | TFC (mg/g) b (QE) | Yield (%) c |
---|---|---|---|---|
n-Hexane | 0.009 | 0.00 | 99.58 ± 2.65 *** | 1.5 ± 0.49 |
Dichloromethane | 0.269 | 13.63 ± 0.33 *** | 114.36 ± 4.94 *** | 1.6 ± 0.61 |
Ethyl acetate | 0.288 | 68.65 ± 6.12 ** | 156.20 ± 1.75 *** | 1.9 ± 0.35 |
Acetone | 0.355 | 94.61 ± 2.36 *** | 167.22 ± 1.26 *** | 2.0 ± 0.37 |
Ethanol | 0.654 | 45.34 ± 0.77 *** | 117.77 ± 2.01 *** | 3.6 ± 0.84 |
Methanol | 0.762 | 60.76 ± 1.41 *** | 54.12 ± 1.37 *** | 5.3 ± 1.19 |
Water | 1.000 | 5.17 ± 1.48 * | 20.73 ± 1.63 * | 23.9 ± 5.50 |
Extracting Solvent | SC50 (μg/mL) a | TE (mM/g) c | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
DPPH | ABTS | Superoxide | FRAP | |
n-Hexane | >400 | >400 | >400 | 50.83 ± 0.91 *** |
Dichloromethane | >400 | >400 | >400 | 98.39 ± 0.69 *** |
Ethyl acetate | >400 | 159.16 ± 10.74 ** | 388.74 ± 10.26 ** | 197.31 ± 2.11 *** |
Acetone | 242.33 ± 15.78 ** | 129.28 ± 10.53 ** | 124.80 ± 22.09 ** | 213.67 ± 2.06 *** |
Ethanol | 331.81 ± 22.55 ** | 118.25 ± 3.29 ** | >400 | 181.83 ± 3.24 *** |
Methanol | 308.10 ± 8.24 * | 65.60 ± 6.03 ** | 299.13 ± 26.45 * | 200.51 ± 2.53 *** |
Water | >400 | 257.38 ± 32.53 * | >400 | 52.32 ± 1.91 *** |
BHT b | 19.75 ± 1.79 * | 25.87 ± 5.83 * | N.A. d | 4385.56 ± 45.54 *** |
Compound | IC50 (μg/mL) a | |
---|---|---|
α-Glucosidase | Tyrosinase | |
n-Hexane | 22.85 ± 4.51 * | >400 |
Dichloromethane | 12.04 ± 6.67 ** | >400 |
Ethyl acetate | 5.80 ± 2.29 ** | 11.27 ± 2.75 ** |
Acetone | 3.87 ± 1.95 *** | 7.95 ± 1.54 ** |
Ethanol | 11.48 ± 1.81 * | 19.86 ± 3.35 ** |
Methanol | 12.48 ± 0.93 ** | 13.41 ± 0.77 *** |
Water | 17.94 ± 6.37 ** | >400 |
Acarbose b | 355.48 ± 28.39 * | - |
Arbutin b | - | 53.51 ± 8.87 * |
Compound | NO Inhibition IC50 (μg/mL) a |
---|---|
n-Hexane | 53.22 ± 17.28 * |
Dichloromethane | 15.33 ± 2.63 * |
Ethyl acetate | 10.81 ± 1.41 * |
Acetone | 12.00 ± 1.32 * |
Ethanol | 14.30 ± 2.38 * |
Methanol | 17.19 ± 2.04 * |
Water | 121.08 ± 7.85 * |
Quercetin b | 3.98 ± 0.28 * |
Extracting Solvent | Morin (mg/g) | Morusin (mg/g) | Oxyresveratrol (mg/g) | Umbelliferone (mg/g) | Kuwanon G (mg/g) | Kuwanon H (mg/g) | Total Amount (mg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n-Hexane | 2.23 ± 0.18 | 3.92 ± 0.25 | 0.64 ± 0.08 | 2.35 ± 0.16 | 11.27 ± 0.92 | 2.46 ± 0.18 | 22.87 ± 1.77 |
Dichloromethane | 0.92 ± 0.10 | 9.96 ± 0.98 | 1.22 ± 0.13 | 2.93 ± 0.18 | 8.24 ± 0.88 | 5.43 ± 0.58 | 28.70 ± 4.31 |
Ethyl acetate | 2.56 ± 0.42 | 7.81 ± 0.62 | 2.99 ± 0.19 | 3.29 ± 0.12 | 12.84 ± 1.02 | 8.32 ± 0.79 | 37.81 ± 3.16 |
Acetone | 3.24 ± 0.26 | 8.64 ± 0.92 | 3.33 ± 0.22 | 2.23 ± 0.12 | 18.54 ± 1.82 | 21.24 ± 1.94 | 57.22 ± 5.28 |
Ethanol | 3.51 ± 0.27 | 5.82 ± 0.47 | 2.65 ± 0.21 | 1.43 ± 0.07 | 19.04 ± 1.76 | 26.74 ± 2.24 | 59.19 ± 5.02 |
Methanol | 1.60 ± 0.09 | 4.14 ± 0.36 | 3.17 ± 0.28 | 2.73 ± 0.13 | 22.64 ± 2.02 | 29.34 ± 2.83 | 63.62 ± 5.71 |
Water | 2.87 ± 0.24 | 4.07 ± 0.48 | 2.41 ± 0.22 | 1.22 ± 0.18 | 18.38 ± 1.24 | N.D. | 28.95 ± 2.36 |
Compound | SC50 (μM) a | TE (mM/g) c | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
DPPH | ABTS | Superoxide | FRAP | |
Morin (1) | 17.49 ± 3.43 * | 12.67 ± 5.98 *** | 54.50 ± 18.96 * | 2963.28 ± 63.65 *** |
Morusin (2) | >200 | 44.19 ± 8.07 *** | >200 | 583.43 ± 25.79 *** |
Oxyresveratrol (3) | 44.42 ± 12.51 * | 9.50 ± 2.08 *** | >200 | 2402.22 ± 32.91 *** |
Umbelliferone (4) | >200 | >200 | >200 | 145.23 ± 35.46 ** |
Kuwanon G (5) | >200 | 9.28 ± 1.02 ** | 188.24 ± 19.07 * | 3549.22 ± 160.65 * |
Kuwanon H (6) | >200 | 8.68 ± 0.93 ** | >200 | 1750.96 ± 36.30 ** |
BHT b | 89.84 ± 7.03 ** | 115.86 ± 25.14 * | N.A. d | 4385.56 ± 78.88 *** |
Compound | IC50 (μM) a | |
---|---|---|
α-Glucosidase | Tyrosinase | |
Morin (1) | 90.15 ± 10.17 * | 199.41 ± 84.44 ** |
Morusin (2) | 15.66 ± 2.15 ** | >400 |
Oxyresveratrol (3) | 8.35 ± 0.46 * | 1.89 ± 0.59 ** |
Umbelliferone (4) | 492.46 ± 12.82 * | >400 |
Kuwanon G (5) | 7.00 ± 0.31 * | 100.40 ± 9.62 * |
Kuwanon H (6) | 4.06 ± 0.12 * | 218.00 ± 40.96 * |
Acarbose b | 540.38 ± 47.42 * | - |
Arbutin b | - | 206.08 ± 36.50 * |
Compound | NO Inhibition IC50 (μM) a |
---|---|
Morin (1) | 43.26 ± 4.61 * |
Morusin (2) | 9.87 ± 0.59 * |
Oxyresveratrol (3) | 25.36 ± 3.47 * |
Umbelliferone (4) | 36.76 ± 2.26 * |
Kuwanon G (5) | 17.80 ± 0.50 * |
Kuwanon H (6) | 40.48 ± 4.38 * |
Quercetin b | 13.20 ± 2.00 * |
Compound | Affinity (kcal/mol) |
---|---|
Morin (1) | −7.6 |
Morusin (2) | −8.0 |
Oxyresveratrol (3) | −8.2 |
Umbelliferone (4) | −5.9 |
Kuwanon G (5) | −8.5 |
Kuwanon H (6) | −9.9 |
Acarbose a | −5.6 |
Compound | Affinity (kcal/mol) |
---|---|
Morin (1) | −6.1 |
Morusin (2) | −5.5 |
Oxyresveratrol (3) | −7.3 |
Umbelliferone (4) | −5.3 |
Kuwanon G (5) | −6.4 |
Kuwanon H (6) | −5.9 |
Arbutin a | −6.1 |
Compound | Affinity (kcal/mol) |
---|---|
Morin (1) | −7.0 |
Morusin (2) | −9.7 |
Oxyresveratrol (3) | −7.5 |
Umbelliferone (4) | −6.9 |
Kuwanon G (5) | −8.1 |
Kuwanon H (6) | −7.3 |
Quercetin a | −7.9 |
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Hsu, J.-H.; Yang, C.-S.; Chen, J.-J. Antioxidant, Anti-α-Glucosidase, Antityrosinase, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Bioactive Components from Morus alba. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 2222. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112222
Hsu J-H, Yang C-S, Chen J-J. Antioxidant, Anti-α-Glucosidase, Antityrosinase, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Bioactive Components from Morus alba. Antioxidants. 2022; 11(11):2222. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112222
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsu, Jui-Hung, Chang-Syun Yang, and Jih-Jung Chen. 2022. "Antioxidant, Anti-α-Glucosidase, Antityrosinase, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Bioactive Components from Morus alba" Antioxidants 11, no. 11: 2222. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112222