What Is the Relationship between Antioxidant Efficacy, Functional Composition, and Genetic Characteristics in Comparing Soybean Resources by Year?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cultivation Method for Soybean Resources and Experimental Materials
2.2. Preparation of Soybean Seed Extract
2.3. Antioxidant Activity Assay
2.3.1. ABTS Radical Scavenging Activity
2.3.2. DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity
2.4. Cell Potency Assay
2.4.1. Estrogen and ER Alpha Activity
2.4.2. UCP-1 Activity
2.4.3. NO Inhibition Activity
2.5. Characterization of Isoflavone in Soybean Sources
2.5.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.5.2. Isoflavone Extraction and Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) Process
2.5.3. Isolation and Component Analysis of Individual Isoflavone Derivatives
2.6. Statistical Analysis
2.7. DNA Extraction, Genotyping, and Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS)
3. Results
3.1. Physiological Activity Analysis of Soybean Seeds
3.1.1. Antioxidant Activity of Soybean Seeds (Radical Scavenging Activity)
3.1.2. Estrogen and Estrogen Receptor Alpha Activity in MCF-7 Cells
3.1.3. Antiobesity Activity by Brown Fat Conversion Activity (UCP-1 Activity of C3H10T1/2 Cells)
3.1.4. NO Production Inhibition Activity of RAW 264.7 Cells
3.2. Composition and Content of Isoflavones in Soybean Seed Resources
3.3. PCA and Correlation Analysis between Efficacy and Components of Soybean Samples
3.4. Understanding the Relationship between Individual Isoflavone Derivatives and the High Efficacy of Soybean Resources and Genetic Properties
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Seed Coat Color | Code | Introduction Number | Name | Origin | Cultivar Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | C1 (Yellow) | IT 212859 | Daewon | Korea | Control cultivar |
C2 (Black) | IT 213192 | Cheongja 2 | Korea | Control cultivar | |
Yellow | Y1 | IT 024099 | YJ208-1 | Korea | Landrace |
Y2 | IT 104690 | Kongnamul Kong | Korea | Landrace | |
Y3 | IT 113218 | Kongnamul Kong | Korea | Landrace | |
Y4 | IT 153844 | KLS 87248 | Korea | Landrace | |
Y5 | IT 155963 | Nongrim 51 | Japan | Variety | |
Y6 | IT 171080 | PI 467319 | China | Variety | |
Y7 | IT 195514 | Jang Kong | Korea | Landrace | |
Y8 | IT 219581 | Myungjunamul Kong | Korea | Variety | |
Y9 | IT 229418 | Danmi 2 | Korea | Variety | |
Y10 | IT 229421 | Hoseo | Korea | Variety | |
Y11 | IT 231360 | Kongnamul Kong | Korea | Landrace | |
Y12 | IT 263155 | Sinpaldalkong 2 | Korea | Variety | |
Y13 | IT 263167 | Uram | Korea | Variety | |
Y14 | IT 263852 | Chungnamyeongi-1997-3 | Korea | Landrace | |
Y15 | IT 269982 | Milyang 247 | Korea | Breeding line | |
Y16 | IT 270002 | Jungmo 3008 | Korea | Variety | |
Y17 | IT 274571 | GNU-2007-14613 | Korea | Landrace | |
Y18 | IT 274592 | GNU-2007-14723 | Korea | Landrace | |
Y19 | IT 324099 | CS 00728 | China | Breeding line | |
Black | B1 | IT 021665 | PI 90763 | China | Landrace |
B2 | IT 143347 | KLS86185 | Korea | Landrace | |
B3 | IT 161904 | PI 84578 | Korea | Landrace | |
B4 | IT 177271 | Geomjeong Kong-5 | Korea | Landrace | |
B5 | IT 177573 | Geomjeong Kong-5 | Korea | Landrace | |
B6 | IT 177709 | Geomjeong Kong-4 | Korea | Landrace | |
B7 | IT 178054 | Geomjeong Kong-1 | Korea | Landrace | |
B8 | IT 186183 | Kongnamul Kong | Korea | Landrace | |
B9 | IT 189215 | 94yuja4 | Korea | Landrace | |
B10 | IT 194560 | Geomjeong Kong | Korea | Landrace | |
B11 | IT 212805 | Chungnamseocheon-1999-98 | Korea | Landrace | |
B12 | IT 224192 | Jeonbukgunsansujip | Korea | Landrace | |
B13 | IT 228822 | 409 | Korea | Landrace | |
B14 | IT 231544 | Jwinuni Kong | Korea | Landrace | |
B15 | IT 239896 | Jwineori Kong | Korea | Landrace | |
B16 | IT 252252 | Neoljeokseoritae | Korea | Landrace | |
B17 | IT 252748 | 294 | Korea | Landrace | |
B18 | IT 252768 | 326 | Korea | Landrace | |
B19 | IT 263853 | Geomen Kong | Korea | Landrace | |
B20 | IT 274515 | GNU-2007-14502 | Korea | Landrace | |
B21 | IT 275005 | 197 | Korea | Landrace | |
B22 | IT 308619 | Junyeori Kong | Korea | Landrace | |
B23 | IT 311261 | Jwinuni Kong | Korea | Landrace | |
B24 | K 137773 | Heugseong | Korea | Variety | |
B25 | IT 194558 | Geomjeong Kong | Korea | Landrace | |
Green-Black | G1 | IT 154351 | KAS579-1 | Korea | Landrace |
G2 | IT 154724 | KAS651-21 | Korea | Landrace | |
G3 | IT 178160 | Geomjeong Kong | Korea | Landrace | |
G4 | IT 186048 | Gangwonyanggu-1994-3709 | Korea | Landrace |
Seed Coat Color | Effects (Unit) | Year | Mean | S.D. | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Seed Coat Color | Year and Seed Coat Color (1) | |||||
Yellow, Black, Green- Black | ABTS (2) (mg AA eq/g) | 2019 | 4.14 | 2.00 | 0.435 | <0.001 | 0.206 |
2020 | 4.88 | 2.81 | |||||
DPPH (2) (mg AA eq/g) | 2019 | 1.85 | 1.06 | 0.069 | <0.001 | 0.038 | |
2020 | 2.77 | 1.70 | |||||
Estrogen (2) (%, vs. Control) | 2019 | 99.96 | 2.75 | 0.998 | 0.980 | 0.776 | |
2020 | 99.59 | 4.47 | |||||
ER (2) (%, vs. Control) | 2019 | 118.88 | 12.05 | <0.001 | 0.339 | 0.336 | |
2020 | 99.91 | 3.29 | |||||
UCP-1 (2) (%, vs. Control) | 2019 | 273.40 | 91.25 | 0.002 | 0.821 | 0.346 | |
2020 | 206.14 | 82.3 | |||||
NO (2) (%, vs. Control) | 2019 | 12.94 | 14.87 | <0.001 | 0.552 | 0.473 | |
2020 | 80.44 | 0.96 |
Seed Coat Color | Code | ABTS (mg AA eq/g) | DPPH (mg AA eq/g) |
---|---|---|---|
Control cultivar | C1 | 4.45 ± 0.24 l,m | 2.68 ± 0.21 l–n |
C2 | 5.91 ± 0.41 h | 3.77 ± 0.16 gh | |
Range | 4.45–5.91 | 2.68–3.77 | |
Mean | 5.18 | 3.23 | |
Yellow | Y1 | 3.86 ± 0.23 n–q | 2.48 ± 0.41 m–p |
Y2 | 2.08 ± 0.13 z | 1.35 ± 0.15 v–x | |
Y3 | 2.26 ± 0.13 yz | 1.04 ± 0.10 x | |
Y4 | 3.93 ± 0.20 n–p | 1.99 ± 0.19 q–t | |
Y5 | 3.22 ± 0.11 s–w | 1.74 ± 0.03 s–v | |
Y6 | 3.22 ± 0.08 s–w | 1.64 ± 0.14 t–w | |
Y7 | 3.78 ± 0.14 n–r | 1.83 ± 0.12 r–v | |
Y8 | 3.39 ± 0.13 q–u | 1.83 ± 0.11 r–v | |
Y9 | 3.74 ± 0.17 n–r | 2.06 ± 0.12 p–t | |
Y10 | 3.88 ± 0.17 n–q | 2.38 ± 0.13 m–q | |
Y11 | 3.47 ± 0.13 p–u | 1.45 ± 0.13 u–x | |
Y12 | 4.13 ± 0.03 mn | 1.90 ± 0.19 r–u | |
Y13 | 3.97 ± 0.35 no | 1.89 ± 0.17 r–u | |
Y14 | 1.98 ± 0.04 z | 1.02 ± 0.10 x | |
Y15 | 1.93 ± 0.19 z | 1.45 ± 0.02 u–x | |
Y16 | 5.49 ± 0.39 hi | 3.00 ± 0.10 j–l | |
Y17 | 3.65 ± 0.17 n–s | 2.38 ± 0.12 m–q | |
Y18 | 3.05 ± 0.10 u–x | 2.22 ± 0.06 n–r | |
Y19 | 3.08 ± 0.08 t–w | 1.93 ± 0.19 q–u | |
Range | 1.93–5.91 | 1.02–3.77 | |
Mean | 3.37 | 1.87 | |
Black | B1 | 10.40 ± 0.43 d | 6.31 ± 0.27 c |
B2 | 2.81 ± 0.17 wx | 1.36 ± 0.09 v–x | |
B3 | 3.53 ± 0.08 o–u | 1.69 ± 0.13 s–w | |
B4 | 4.69 ± 0.12 j–l | 2.48 ± 0.38 m–p | |
B5 | 4.76 ± 0.21 j–l | 2.66 ± 0.39 l–n | |
B6 | 15.89 ± 0.44 a | 9.23 ± 0.49 a | |
B7 | 3.44 ± 0.23 p–u | 1.94 ± 0.25 q–t | |
B8 | 12.60 ± 0.50 b | 7.41 ± 0.26 b | |
B9 | 5.01 ± 0.31 i–k | 2.77 ± 0.56 l,m | |
B10 | 5.54 ± 0.13 h | 3.54 ± 0.40 hi | |
B11 | 3.70 ± 0.19 n–s | 1.79 ± 0.08 r–v | |
B12 | 3.30 ± 0.16 r–v | 1.61 ± 0.04 t–w | |
B13 | 5.10 ± 0.09 ij | 2.83 ± 0.05 k–m | |
B14 | 7.59 ± 0.20 f | 4.10 ± 0.18 fg | |
B15 | 8.72 ± 0.34 e | 4.97 ± 0.21 d | |
B16 | 3.44 ± 0.24 p–u | 1.81 ± 0.28 r–v | |
B17 | 10.93 ± 0.40 c | 6.27 ± 0.30 c | |
B18 | 4.57 ± 0.20 k–m | 2.70 ± 0.22 l,m | |
B19 | 6.55 ± 0.12 g | 3.80 ± 0.15 gh | |
B20 | 4.13 ± 0.18 mn | 2.57 ± 0.13 l–o | |
B21 | 5.65 ± 0.26 h | 3.37 ± 0.54 ij | |
B22 | 5.77 ± 0.10 h | 3.44 ± 0.28 g–i | |
B23 | 7.96 ± 0.55 f | 4.59 ± 0.31 de | |
B24 | 4.92 ± 0.59 i–k | 3.22 ± 0.32 i–k | |
B25 | 6.64 ± 0.33 g | 4.39 ± 0.32 ef | |
Range | 2.81–15.89 | 1.36–9.23 | |
Mean | 6.31 | 3.63 | |
Green-Black | G1 | 3.67 ± 0.18 n–s | 2.17 ± 0.13 o–s |
G2 | 2.88 ± 0.22 v–x | 1.24 ± 0.04 wx | |
G3 | 2.61 ± 0.16 xy | 1.40 ± 0.35 v–x | |
G4 | 3.55 ± 0.20 o–t | 1.90 ± 0.29 r–u | |
Range | 2.61–3.67 | 1.24–2.17 | |
Mean | 3.17 | 1.68 |
Seed Coat Color | Components | Year | Mean (mg/100 g) | S.D. (mg/100 g) | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Seed Coat Color | Year and Seed Coat Color (1) | |||||
Yellow, Black, Green- Black | Genistein 5-O-glucoside (F1) | 2019 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.291 | 0.379 | 0.978 |
2020 | 0.27 | 0.28 | |||||
Daidzein 7-O-glucoside (daidzin) (F2) | 2019 | 12.79 | 6.35 | 0.003 | 0.637 | 0.259 | |
2020 | 9.32 | 4.47 | |||||
Glycitein 7-O-glucoside (glycitin) (F3) | 2019 | 4.67 | 2.84 | 0.772 | 0.166 | 0.362 | |
2020 | 4.47 | 2.57 | |||||
Genistein 7-O-(6″-O-apiosyl)glucoside (ambosin) (F4) | 2019 | 0.53 | 0.28 | 0.518 | 0.451 | 0.239 | |
2020 | 0.51 | 0.31 | |||||
Genistein 7-O-(2″-O-apiosyl)glucoside (F5) | 2019 | 1.40 | 1.50 | 0.363 | 0.065 | 0.974 | |
2020 | 1.05 | 1.18 | |||||
Genistein 7-O-glucoside (genistin) (F6) | 2019 | 19.75 | 8.40 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.237 | |
2020 | 14.19 | 7.20 | |||||
Daidzein 4′-O-(6″-O-malonyl)glucoside (F7) | 2019 | 6.66 | 2.97 | 0.026 | 0.723 | 0.360 | |
2020 | 5.39 | 2.31 | |||||
Genistein 5-O-(6″-O-malonyl)glucoside (F8) | 2019 | 1.76 | 1.72 | 0.994 | 0.219 | 0.885 | |
2020 | 1.91 | 1.81 | |||||
Daidzein 7-O-(4″-O-malonyl)glucoside (4″-O-malonyldaidzin) (F9) | 2019 | 1.11 | 0.62 | <0.001 | 0.321 | 0.352 | |
2020 | 0.64 | 0.29 | |||||
Glycitein 4′-O-(6″-O-malonyl)glucoside (F10) | 2019 | 0.86 | 0.46 | 0.828 | 0.257 | 0.346 | |
2020 | 0.85 | 0.40 | |||||
Daidzein 7-O-(6″-O-malonyl)glucoside (6″-O-malonyldaidzin) (F11) | 2019 | 75.39 | 32.16 | 0.069 | 0.873 | 0.325 | |
2020 | 66.94 | 26.89 | |||||
Glycitein 7-O-(6″-O-malonyl)glucoside (6″-O-malonylglycitin) (F12) | 2019 | 10.18 | 5.98 | 0.457 | 0.229 | 0.527 | |
2020 | 9.25 | 5.20 | |||||
Genistein 4′-O-(6″-O-malonyl)glucoside (F13) | 2019 | 9.78 | 3.14 | <0.001 | 0.008 | 0.474 | |
2020 | 6.99 | 3.14 | |||||
Genistein 7-O-(4″-O-malonyl)glucoside (4″-O-malonylgenistin) (F14) | 2019 | 1.84 | 0.67 | <0.001 | 0.955 | 0.274 | |
2020 | 1.10 | 0.40 | |||||
Genistein 7-O-(6″-O-malonyl)glucoside (6″-O-malonylgenistin) (F15) | 2019 | 134.71 | 41.78 | 0.019 | 0.004 | 0.505 | |
2020 | 116.05 | 43.28 | |||||
Daidzein (F16) | 2019 | 0.77 | 0.50 | <0.001 | 0.425 | 0.904 | |
2020 | 0.31 | 0.21 | |||||
Glycitein (F17) | 2019 | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.288 | 0.314 | 0.752 | |
2020 | 0.07 | 0.22 | |||||
Genistein 7-O-(6″-O-acetyl)glucoside (6″-O-acetylgenistin) (F18) | 2019 | 0.29 | 0.51 | 0.748 | 0.319 | 0.809 | |
2020 | 0.23 | 0.67 | |||||
Genistein (F19) | 2019 | 0.76 | 0.37 | 0.185 | 0.064 | 0.113 | |
2020 | 0.55 | 0.29 | |||||
Daidzein group | 2019 | 96.73 | 41.91 | 0.036 | 0.928 | 0.316 | |
2020 | 82.59 | 33.57 | |||||
Genistein group | 2019 | 171.17 | 53.57 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.393 | |
2020 | 142.85 | 53.73 | |||||
Glycitein group | 2019 | 15.88 | 9.28 | 0.544 | 0.224 | 0.457 | |
2020 | 14.63 | 8.13 | |||||
Total (F20) | 2019 | 283.78 | 89.76 | 0.010 | 0.156 | 0.336 | |
2020 | 240.07 | 85.78 |
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Chu, H.-N.; Lee, S.; Wang, X.; Wee, C.-D.; Yoon, H.-M.; Jung, E.-S.; Seo, M.-K.; Kwon, Y.; Jang, K.-A.; Kim, H.-R. What Is the Relationship between Antioxidant Efficacy, Functional Composition, and Genetic Characteristics in Comparing Soybean Resources by Year? Antioxidants 2022, 11, 2249. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112249
Chu H-N, Lee S, Wang X, Wee C-D, Yoon H-M, Jung E-S, Seo M-K, Kwon Y, Jang K-A, Kim H-R. What Is the Relationship between Antioxidant Efficacy, Functional Composition, and Genetic Characteristics in Comparing Soybean Resources by Year? Antioxidants. 2022; 11(11):2249. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112249
Chicago/Turabian StyleChu, Han-Na, Suji Lee, Xiaohan Wang, Chi-Do Wee, Hye-Myeong Yoon, Eun-Suk Jung, Mi-Kyung Seo, Yongseok Kwon, Kyeong-A Jang, and Haeng-Ran Kim. 2022. "What Is the Relationship between Antioxidant Efficacy, Functional Composition, and Genetic Characteristics in Comparing Soybean Resources by Year?" Antioxidants 11, no. 11: 2249. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112249