Important Functions and Molecular Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Redox Signaling in Pulmonary Hypertension
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Pulmonary Hypertension
3. Inflammation in Pulmonary Hypertension
4. Mitochondria in Vascular Remodeling during PH
5. Mitochondrial ROS in Pulmonary Vasoconstriction and Endothelial Dysfunction
6. Mitochondrial Ca2+, ROS, and Glutaminolysis
7. Ketones and Mitochondrial Signaling
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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WHO Group | Clinical Classification | Subtypes |
---|---|---|
I | Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) | Idiopathic; Drug and toxin-Induced; Heritable; Associated with connective tissue diseases, HIV infection, portal hypertension, schistosomiasis; PAH responder to Ca2+ channel blockers; Associated with pulmonary venous/capillaries occlusion; Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. |
II | PH due to left heart diseases | Heart failure; Valvular heart disease; Congenital or acquired cardiomyopathies; Failure with preserved/reduced ejection fraction. |
III | PH due to lung disease or hypoxia | COPD/hypoxia that includes COPD; Restrictive lung disease; Pulmonary disease with obstructive and restrictive pattern; Interstitial lung disease; Hypoxia without other lung diseases. |
IV | PH due to the obstruction of pulmonary artery | Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH); Other pulmonary artery obstructions. |
V | PH due to unclear/multifactorial mechanisms | Hematologic disorders; Metabolic disorders; Others. |
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Reyes-García, J.; Carbajal-García, A.; Di Mise, A.; Zheng, Y.-M.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.-X. Important Functions and Molecular Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Redox Signaling in Pulmonary Hypertension. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030473
Reyes-García J, Carbajal-García A, Di Mise A, Zheng Y-M, Wang X, Wang Y-X. Important Functions and Molecular Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Redox Signaling in Pulmonary Hypertension. Antioxidants. 2022; 11(3):473. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030473
Chicago/Turabian StyleReyes-García, Jorge, Abril Carbajal-García, Annarita Di Mise, Yun-Min Zheng, Xiangdong Wang, and Yong-Xiao Wang. 2022. "Important Functions and Molecular Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Redox Signaling in Pulmonary Hypertension" Antioxidants 11, no. 3: 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030473