Oxidative Stress as a Reliable Biomarker of Carotid Plaque Instability: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Histochemical Analysis
2.3. MDA Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations of the Study
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Asymptomatic (n = 22) | Symptomatic (n = 13) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex (f/m) | 4/18 | 5/8 | 0.185 |
Age (y) | 69 ± 7.7 | 71 ± 6.9 | 0.561 |
Stenosis CTA (%) | 76 ± 14 | 83 ± 10 | 0.435 |
Clinical characteristics | |||
Arterial hypertension | 20 (91%) | 10 (77%) | 0.253 |
Diabetes mellitus | 5 (23%) | 5 (38%) | 0.319 |
Smoker | 13 (59%) | 4 (31%) | 0.105 |
Body mass index | 29.16 ± 3.9 | 28.45 ± 3.8 | 0.596 |
Laboratory results | |||
Creatinine (µmol/L) | 91.62 ± 15.43 | 84.5 ± 16.63 | 0.295 |
CKD-EPI (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 75.43 ± 15.06 | 78.83 ± 16.85 | 0.640 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.56 ± 1.20 | 4.27 ± 1.01 | 0.587 |
TAG (mmol/L) | 1.95 ± 1.04 | 1.65 ± 0.47 | 0.549 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.51 ± 1.09 | 2.29 ± 0.99 | 0.922 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.15 ± 0.32 | 1.23 ± 0.30 | 0.525 |
Medical history | |||
History of myocardial infarction | 5 (23%) | 1 (8%) | 0.254 |
History of stroke | 5 (23%) | 0 (0%) | 0.063 |
Peripheral artery disease | 2 (9%) | 1 (8%) | 0.593 |
Plaque Characteristics | Asymptomatic (n = 22) | Symptomatic (n = 13) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Stable (AHA class IV,V,VIII) | 14 | 2 | 0.006 |
Unstable (AHA class VI) | 8 | 11 | 0.006 |
Eccentric | 18 | 12 | 0.392 |
Concentric | 4 | 1 | 0.392 |
Mainly atheroma | 3 | 6 | 0.033 |
Mainly fibrous | 9 | 1 | 0.036 |
Combined atheroma and fibrous | 10 | 6 | 0.968 |
Without calcifications | 4 | 2 | 0.832 |
Microcalcifications | 8 | 9 | 0.060 |
Large calcifications | 10 | 2 | 0.070 |
Myxoid changes | 7 | 0 | 0.023 |
Hemorrhage—old | 6 | 9 | 0.015 |
Hemorrhage—new | 3 | 4 | 0.221 |
Without hemorrhage | 13 | 3 | 0.039 |
Thrombosis above the plaque | 0 | 1 | 0.187 |
Inflammation | 19 | 12 | 0.593 |
Foam cells | 11 | 6 | 0.826 |
Giant cells reaction | 4 | 3 | 0.726 |
Hemosiderin/pigmentophage | 12 | 6 | 0.631 |
Without neovascularisation | 4 | 5 | 0.185 |
Small neovascularisation | 9 | 7 | 0.458 |
Significant neovascularisation | 9 | 1 | 0.036 |
Ossification | 1 | 0 | 0.435 |
Plaque Characteristics | Asymptomatic + AF (n = 26) | Hemispheric Brain Stroke (n = 9) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Stable (AHA class IV,V,VIII) | 15 | 1 | 0.016 |
Unstable (AHA class VI) | 11 | 8 | 0.016 |
Eccentric | 22 | 8 | 0.752 |
Concentric | 4 | 1 | 0.752 |
Mainly atheroma | 4 | 5 | 0.017 |
Mainly fibrous | 10 | 0 | 0.028 |
Combined atheroma and fibrous | 12 | 4 | 0.929 |
Without calcifications | 5 | 1 | 0.577 |
Microcalcifications | 11 | 6 | 0.208 |
Large calcifications | 10 | 2 | 0.376 |
Myxoid changes | 7 | 0 | 0.082 |
Hemorrhage—old | 8 | 7 | 0.014 |
Hemorrhage—new | 4 | 3 | 0.246 |
Without hemorrhage | 15 | 1 | 0.016 |
Thrombosis above the plaque | 1 | 0 | 0.551 |
Inflammation | 22 | 9 | 0.211 |
Foam cells | 13 | 4 | 0.774 |
Giant cells reaction | 6 | 1 | 0.439 |
Hemosiderin/pigmentophage | 15 | 3 | 0.208 |
Without neovascularisation | 4 | 5 | 0.017 |
Small neovascularisation | 13 | 3 | 0.387 |
Significant neovascularisation | 9 | 1 | 0.179 |
Ossification | 1 | 0 | 0.551 |
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Svoboda, N.; Kočí, K.; Seidlová, A.; Mandys, V.; Suttnar, J.; Hlaváčková, A.; Kučerka, O.; Netuka, D.; Malý, M. Oxidative Stress as a Reliable Biomarker of Carotid Plaque Instability: A Pilot Study. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 506. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020506
Svoboda N, Kočí K, Seidlová A, Mandys V, Suttnar J, Hlaváčková A, Kučerka O, Netuka D, Malý M. Oxidative Stress as a Reliable Biomarker of Carotid Plaque Instability: A Pilot Study. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(2):506. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020506
Chicago/Turabian StyleSvoboda, Norbert, Karolina Kočí, Anna Seidlová, Václav Mandys, Jiří Suttnar, Alžběta Hlaváčková, Ondřej Kučerka, David Netuka, and Martin Malý. 2023. "Oxidative Stress as a Reliable Biomarker of Carotid Plaque Instability: A Pilot Study" Antioxidants 12, no. 2: 506. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020506