Management of the Brain: Essential Oils as Promising Neuroinflammation Modulator in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Main Mediators of Neuroinflammation: The Role of Microglia and Astrocytes
2.1. Microglia
2.2. Astrocytes
3. Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Immunological Perspective
4. Targeting Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Preclinical Models: Neuroprotective Role of Essential Oils
4.1. Pinus Halepensis EO
4.2. Citrus Bergamia EO
4.3. Origanum vulgare EO
4.4. Rosmarinus Officinalis EO
4.5. Lavandula Augustifolia EO
4.6. Thymus Vulgaris EO
4.7. Satureja Khuzistanica EO
4.8. Jasminum Grandiflorum EO
4.9. Acorus Tatarinowii EO
Essential Oil (EO) | Major Constituent | Preclinical Model | EO Preparation | Effect | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pinus halepensis | α-pynene, myrcene, β-caryophyllene | Aβ-induced AD in rats | 1% Tween 80 solution | AChE inhibitor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, DNA fragmentation protector, nootropic | [9,77] |
Citrus bergamia | limonene | Titanium dioxide- or aluminum-induced neurotoxicity in rats | soybean oil | Antioxidant, anti- inflammatory | [85,86] |
Origanum vulgare | thymol, carvacrol | Scopolamine-induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish | 1% Tween 80 solution | Antioxidant, nootropic, AChE inhibitor | [8] |
Rosmarinus officinalis | eucalyptol | Scopolamine-induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish | n.a. | Antioxidant, AChE inhibitor, nootropic | [94] |
Lavandula angustifolia | linalool | H2O2-treated SH-SY5Y cells, Aβ-treated NGF- differentiated PC-12 cells, Scopolamine-induced dementia in rats, Corticosterone-treated rats | 1% Tween 80 or 20 solution | Antioxidant, NMDA receptor inhibitor, DNA fragmentation protector, neurogenesis promoter | [99,100,101] |
Thymus vulgaris | linalool, geraniol, thujanol | LPS-treated BV-2 cells Chronologically aged mice Scopolamine-induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish | DMSO or 1% Tween 80 solution | Anti-inflammatory, decrease brain inflammaging, antioxidant, nootropic, AChE inhibitor | [108,109,110] |
Satureja khuzistanica | carvacrol | Traumatic brain injury in rats | 1% Tween 20 | Anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic | [116,117,118] |
Jasminum grandiflorum | α-hexylcinnamaldehyde nerolidol, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, decanal, dodecanal (in silico-predicted key compounds in targeting neuroinflammation) | BV-2 microglial cell line | n.a. | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant | [122] |
Acorus tatarinowii | β-Asarone, α-Asarone | APPSwe/PSENM146V/MAPTP301L triple transgenic mice | n.a. | Anti-inflammatory (NRLP3-inflammasome inhibition), nootropic | [124] |
EO Major Constituent | Chemical Structure | Molecular Mechanism | Experimental Model | Drug Preparation | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β-caryophyllene | ↑Nrf2 ↑CB2 ↑TGFβ ↑IL-10 ↑Arg1 ↑CD206 ↑SOD ↑CAT ↑GSH ↓TLR4 ↓iNOS ↓TNF-α ↓IL-1β ↓PGE2 | Ischemic stroke in mice, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice (multiple sclerosis in vivo model) | Dissolved in olive or corn oil | [9,79,80] | |
Myrcene | ↑Nrf2/Keap1 ↑Autophagy ↑GSH ↑SOD ↑CAT ↓Iba1 (activated microglia) ↓GFAP (activated astrocytes) ↓iNOS ↓COX-2 ↓TNF-α ↓IL-1β ↓IL-6 ↓MMP-9 | Rotenone-induced PD in rats | Dissolved in olive oil | [9,83] | |
Limonene | ↑BDNF ↑GSH ↑SOD ↑CAT ↓NF-κB ↓p38 ↓JNK ↓α-Syn ↓Iba1 (activated microglia) ↓GFAP (activated astrocytes) ↓iNOS ↓COX-2 ↓TNF-α ↓IL-1β ↓IL-6 | Rotenone-induced PD in rats | Dissolved in olive oil | [87] | |
Thymol | ↑Nrf2/HO-1 ↑SOD ↑GSH ↑CAT ↓TLR4 ↓NLRP3 ↓NF-κB ↓IL-1 ↓TNFα ↓GFAP (activated astrocytes) ↓IL-6 ↓COX-2 ↓iNOS | Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in rats, Rotenone-induced PD in rats | Dissolved in sunflower oil | [88,89] | |
Carvacrol | ↑TGF-β ↑IL-10 ↑BDNF ↑SOD ↑BBB integrity ↓IFN-γ ↓IL-6 ↓IL-17 ↓NF-κB ↓TLR4 ↓iNOS ↓COX-2 ↓MMP-9 ↓TRPM7 | LPS-treated rats, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Traumatic brain injury in rats | Dissolved in 0.9% saline solution or 2% Tween 80 or 0.1% DMSO | [90,91,117,118,119] | |
Eucalyptol | ↑Nrf2 ↑SOD ↑GSH-Px ↓NF-κB ↓COX-2 ↓NOS-2 ↓TNFα ↓IL-6 ↓IL-1 | Brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice, Hyperammonemic rats, Aβ-toxicated PC-12 cells | Dissolved in corn oil | [95,96,97] | |
Linalool | ↑Nrf2/HO-1 ↓NMDA ↓PGE2 ↓NF-κB ↓TNFα ↓IL1β | PC-12 cells treated with Aβ, LPS-induced BV-2, Triple transgenic and Aβ-induced AD mice | Dissolved in PBS or saline solution with 2% Tween 80 and 1% DMSO | [100,104,105,106] | |
Geraniol | ↑Autophagy ↑GSH ↑SOD ↓IL-6 ↓TNFα ↓α-Syn ↓PERK ↓IRE1α ↓ATF6α JAK1/2 | Rotenone-toxicated SK-N-SH, Mice fed with high fat diet In silico prediction | Dissolved in saline solution | [111,113,114] | |
α-Hexylcinnamaldehyde | SRC, VEGFA, EGFR, HSP90AA1, ESR1 | I In silico-predicted targets; Docking binding energies ≤ −3.9 kJ/mol | n.a. | [122] | |
Nerolidol | |||||
Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone | |||||
Decanal | |||||
Dodecanal | |||||
α-Asarone | ↑PPARγ-Glutamate transporter 1 ↑IL-10 ↑IL-4 ↑Arg1 ↓p-PERK (ER stress) ↓IL-6 ↓TNFα ↓IL-1β ↓iNOS ↓GFAP ↓MCP1 ↓MIP2 | Hypoxia-ischemia neonatal rats, HT-22 cells, Spinal cord injury in rats | Dissolved in 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose | [125,126,128] | |
β-Asarone | ↑PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 ↑HO-1 ↑SOD ↑CAT ↑GSH-Px ↓TNFα (promoter DNA methylation) ↓JNK/c-JUN ↓RELA (NF-κB subunit) | Scratch-injured primary cortical mice neurons, Aβ-treated PC-12 cells, Vascular dementia mice | Dissolved in DMSO or 0.9% saline solution | [129,130,131] |
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Avola, R.; Furnari, A.G.; Graziano, A.C.E.; Russo, A.; Cardile, V. Management of the Brain: Essential Oils as Promising Neuroinflammation Modulator in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13020178
Avola R, Furnari AG, Graziano ACE, Russo A, Cardile V. Management of the Brain: Essential Oils as Promising Neuroinflammation Modulator in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(2):178. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13020178
Chicago/Turabian StyleAvola, Rosanna, Alessandro Giuseppe Furnari, Adriana Carol Eleonora Graziano, Alessandra Russo, and Venera Cardile. 2024. "Management of the Brain: Essential Oils as Promising Neuroinflammation Modulator in Neurodegenerative Diseases" Antioxidants 13, no. 2: 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13020178