Role of Anonychium africanum (Plantae, Fabaceae) in Metal Oxido-Inflammatory Response: Protection Evidence in Gonad of Male Albino Rat
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection of Anonychium africanum (Prosopis africana, PA) and Preparation of Crude Extract
2.2. PA Preparation for Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
2.3. Acute Toxicity Testing (LD50)
2.4. Animal Ethics and Maintenance
2.5. Experimental Design and Dose Administration
- -
- Group 1. Negative Control: This control group of rats was given deionized water orally once daily for 60 days.
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- Group 2. Positive Control, HMM: This group received only the heavy metal mixture at the dose standards described above daily for 60 days.
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- Group 3. HMM + PA (500 mg/kg): This groups received the same heavy metal mixture as the positive control but was treated with Prosopis africana aqueous extract at daily doses of 500 mg/kg body weight for 60 days.
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- Group 4. HMM + PA (1000 mg/kg): This group received the same heavy metal mixture as the positive control but was treated with Prosopis africana aqueous extract at a daily dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight for 60 days.
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- Group 5. HMM + PA (1500 mg/kg): This group received the same heavy metal mixture as the positive control but was treated with Prosopis africana aqueous extract at a daily dose of 1500 mg/kg body weight for 60 days.
2.6. Body Weight Measurement
2.7. Measurement of Feed and Water Intake
2.8. Necropsy, Tissues and Organ Collection and Processing
2.9. Body Organ Index
2.10. Metal Concentrations in Tissue Samples
2.11. Oxidative Stress Markers
2.12. Measurement of Inflammatory Markers
2.13. Measurement of Apoptotic and Redox Transcription Markers
2.14. Reproductive Hormones Analysis
2.15. Semen Analysis
2.16. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Phytoconstituents in Aqueous Extract of Anonychium africanum (Prosopis africana, PA)
3.2. Acute Toxicity Test of Prosopis africana Aqueous Extract
3.3. Effect of Prosopis africana on the Body Weight and Absolute and Relative Weight of Testis of Male Albino Rats Exposed to HMM
3.4. Prosopis africana Effect on Male Albino Rat Semen Exposed to Heavy Metal Mixture (HMM)
3.5. Prosopis africana Effect on Hormonal Profile of Male Albino Rats Exposed to HMM
3.6. Effect of Prosopis africana in Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Rat Testis
3.7. Effect of Prosopis africana on Oxidative Stress Markers of Male Albino Rat Testis Exposed to HMM
3.8. Effect of Prosopis africana on Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Factors and Apoptotic and Transcriptional Factors in Male Albino Rat Testis Exposed to HMM
4. Discussion
4.1. Chemical Characteristics and Relevant Activity of Prosopis africana
4.2. Effect of Prosopis africana on the Body Weight and Absolute and Relative Weight of Testis of Male Albino Rats Exposed to Heavy Metal Mixture (HMM)
4.3. Effect of Prosopis africana in Bioaccumulation of HMM in Rat Testis
4.4. Prosopis africana Affects Oxidative Stress Markers of Male Albino Rat Testis Exposed to HMM
4.5. Prosopis africana Effect on Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Factors and Apoptotic and Transcriptional Factors in Male Albino Rat Testis Exposed to HMM
4.6. Effect of Prosopis africana on Hormonal Profile of the Male Albino Rat Exposed to HMM
4.7. Correlation Analysis of Biochemical Parameters in HMM-Exposed Male Albino Rat Testis
4.8. Effect of Prosopis africana on Semen Analysis of Male Albino Rat Exposed to HMM
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Feed Intake (g) | Fluid Intake (mL) | Absolute Testicular Weight (g) | Relative Testicular Weight (%) | Body Weight (g) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial Weight | Final Weight | % Body wt Difference | |||||
Control | 164.75 ± 18.80 d | 225.08 ± 58.95 d | 3.18 ± 0.02 c | 1.1 ± 0.06 b | 175.0 ± 4.35 | 270.0 ± 13.73 | 54.29 a |
HMM | 78.78 ± 27.54 a | 102.30 ± 20.03 a | 3.06 ± 0.32 a | 1.28 ± 0.39 a | 158.0 ± 2.00 | 240.0 ± 16.63 | 51.90 a |
HMM + PA (500 mg/kg) | 88.53 ± 20.90 b | 148.10 ± 27.13 b | 2.84 ± 0.38 bc | 1.23 ± 0.08 b | 151.0 ± 1.00 | 230.3 ± 14.57 | 52.54 a |
HMM + PA (1000 mg/kg) | 130.03 ± 18.48 c | 190.20 ± 56.50 c | 2.26 ± 0.11 bc | 1.06 ± 0.18 b | 146.0 ± 1.00 | 213.0 ± 27.15 | 45.89 a |
HMM + PA (1500 mg/kg) | 158.55 ± 18.40 d | 218.31 ± 58.98 d | 2.01 ± 0.44 b | 0.96 ± 0.32 b | 141.0 ± 1.73 | 208.3 ± 20.81 | 47.75 a |
Treatment | pH | Viable Cell Count (×106 cells/mL) | Viscosity | Sperm Morphology (%) | Sperm Motility (%) | Sperm Count (×106 cells/mL) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Abnormal | Active | Sluggish | Immotile | |||||
Control | 8.5 ± 0.06 a | 0.85 ± 0.05 a | Slightly viscous | 85 ± 5 a | 15 ± 5 b | 82 ± 4 a | 8 ± 2 b | 10 ± 1 d | 716.7 ± 104.1 a |
HMM | 8.1 ± 0.03 a | 0.61 ± 0.07 c | Non viscous | 68 ± 7 c | 31 ± 7 a | 58 ± 2 c | 11 ± 2 a | 30 ± 0 a | 266.7 ± 115.5 d |
HMM + PA (500 mg/kg) | 8.1 ± 0.09 a | 0.70 ± 0.08 a | Non viscous | 73 ± 5 b | 26 ± 5 a | 70 ± 8 b | 11 ± 2 a | 18 ± 7 a | 383.3 ± 76.4 c |
HMM + PA (1000 mg/kg) | 8.3 ± 0.02 a | 0.78 ± 0.02 b | Non viscous | 75 ± 10 b | 25 ± 10 a | 63 ± 5 c | 10 ± 1 a | 26 ± 5 a | 600.0 ± 173.2 b |
HMM + PA (1500 mg/kg) | 8.5 ± 0.04 a | 0.85 ± 0.05 a | Non viscous | 83 ± 5 a | 15 ± 5 b | 85 ± 5 a | 8 ± 5 b | 8 ± 2 c | 733.3 ± 57.8 a |
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Ozoani, H.A.; Orisakwe, O.E.; Parisi, C.; Assisi, L.; Ezejiofor, A.N.; Okolo, K.O.; Orish, C.N.; Vangone, R.; Sivieri, E.M.; Guerriero, G. Role of Anonychium africanum (Plantae, Fabaceae) in Metal Oxido-Inflammatory Response: Protection Evidence in Gonad of Male Albino Rat. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091028
Ozoani HA, Orisakwe OE, Parisi C, Assisi L, Ezejiofor AN, Okolo KO, Orish CN, Vangone R, Sivieri EM, Guerriero G. Role of Anonychium africanum (Plantae, Fabaceae) in Metal Oxido-Inflammatory Response: Protection Evidence in Gonad of Male Albino Rat. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(9):1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091028
Chicago/Turabian StyleOzoani, Harrison A., Orish Ebere Orisakwe, Costantino Parisi, Loredana Assisi, Anthonet N. Ezejiofor, Kenneth O. Okolo, Chinna N. Orish, Rubina Vangone, Emidio M. Sivieri, and Giulia Guerriero. 2024. "Role of Anonychium africanum (Plantae, Fabaceae) in Metal Oxido-Inflammatory Response: Protection Evidence in Gonad of Male Albino Rat" Antioxidants 13, no. 9: 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091028