Biomonitoring of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Freshwater Canals in Egypt Using Creeping Water Bugs (Ilyocoris cimicoides): Oxidative Stress, Histopathological, and Ultrastructural Investigations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Water Sampling and Analysis
2.2.1. Total Nitrogen Content
2.2.2. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), pH, and Nutritional Salts Measurements
2.2.3. Heavy Metals Determination in Water Samples
2.3. Collection of Aquatic Bug (Ilyocoris cimicoides)
2.4. Determination of Heavy Metals in Aquatic Bug
2.5. Biochemical Determinations in the Midgut of I. cimicoides
2.6. DNA Impairment Assay
2.7. Flow Cytometry Assay for Detection of Apoptotic and Necrotic Cells
2.8. Histological and Ultrastructure Investigations
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Environmental Parameters of Water
3.2. Determination of Metals Concentration in Water and Midgut of I. cimicoides
3.3. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Genotoxicity in Midgut Tissues of Creeping Water Bugs
3.4. Flow Cytometry Assessment of Cell Viability in Creeping Water Bugs
3.5. Histopathological and Ultrastructural Inspection of Midgut Tissues
3.6. Histopathological and Ultrastructural Examination of Malpighian Tubules
3.7. Histopathological and Ultrastructural Analysis of Ovarioles
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Control Site (A) | Polluted Site (B) |
---|---|---|
pH | 7.21 | 7.27 |
COD (mg/L) | 1580 | 2400 |
TOC (mg/L) | 3.10 | 6.80 |
TDS (mg/L) | 1358 | 1774 |
DO (mg/L) | 7.9 | 6.8 |
PO4-P (mg/L) | 29.1 | 47.5 |
NH4-N (mg/L) | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 2.1 |
NO3-N (mg/L) | 2.0 | 2.9 |
NO2-N (mg/L) | 2.7 | 6.0 |
Total N content (mg/L) | 157.01 | 197.88 |
Metals | Site A Conc. (mg/L) | Site B Conc. (mg/L) | p-Value | WHO Limits |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ca | 2.99 ± 0.79 | 6.54 ± 0.53 | 0.003 * | 200 |
Cd | 0.008 ± 0.001 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | <0.001 * | 0.003 |
Co | 0.01 ± 0.001 | 0.29 ± 0.03 | <0.001 * | — |
Cr | 0.04 ± 0.007 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.007 * | 0.05 |
Ni | 0.008 ± 0.001 | 0.01 ± 0.001 | 0.005 * | 0.07 |
Pb | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.02 * | 0.01 |
Metals | Site A | Site B | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Ca | 0.27 ± 0.16% | 3.93 ± 0.28% | <0.0001 * |
Cd | nd | 0.28 ± 0.37% | — |
Co | nd | 0.54 ± 0.31% | — |
Cr | nd | 0.07 ± 0.04% | — |
Ni | nd | 0.73 ± 0.45% | — |
Pb | nd | 0.24 ± 0.22% | — |
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El-Samad, L.M.; Arafat, E.A.; Nour, O.M.; Kheirallah, N.; Gad, M.E.; Hagar, M.; El-Moaty, Z.A.; Hassan, M.A. Biomonitoring of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Freshwater Canals in Egypt Using Creeping Water Bugs (Ilyocoris cimicoides): Oxidative Stress, Histopathological, and Ultrastructural Investigations. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 1039. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091039
El-Samad LM, Arafat EA, Nour OM, Kheirallah N, Gad ME, Hagar M, El-Moaty ZA, Hassan MA. Biomonitoring of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Freshwater Canals in Egypt Using Creeping Water Bugs (Ilyocoris cimicoides): Oxidative Stress, Histopathological, and Ultrastructural Investigations. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(9):1039. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091039
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl-Samad, Lamia M., Esraa A. Arafat, Ola Mohamed Nour, Nessrin Kheirallah, Mohammed E. Gad, Mohamed Hagar, Zeinab A. El-Moaty, and Mohamed A. Hassan. 2024. "Biomonitoring of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Freshwater Canals in Egypt Using Creeping Water Bugs (Ilyocoris cimicoides): Oxidative Stress, Histopathological, and Ultrastructural Investigations" Antioxidants 13, no. 9: 1039. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091039