The Effects of Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) on Cellular Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Criteria of Selection
2.2. Information Sources and Search Strategies
2.3. Data Extraction
2.4. Risk of Publication Bias between Studies
2.5. Methodological Quality and Risk of Bias of Individual Studies
2.6. Statistical Analysis and Synthesis of Results in Studies
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Assessment of Methodological Quality of Individual Studies
3.3. Meta-Analysis
3.4. Publication Bias
3.5. Effect of LmW on Reduced Glutathione
3.6. Effect of LmW on Glutathione Peroxidase
3.7. Effect of LmW on Superoxide Dismutase
3.8. Effect of LmW on Malondialdehyde
4. Discussion
4.1. LmW Supplementation on Reduced Glutathione
4.2. LmW Supplementation on Glutathione Peroxidase
4.3. LmW Supplementation on Superoxide Dismutase
4.4. LmW Supplementation on Malondialdehyde
4.5. Extraction and Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds of LmW
4.6. Dose and Timing of LmW Supplementation for Oxidative Stress Control
4.7. Polysaccharide Content in LmW Roots and Leaves
4.8. Transcription of Genes Coding for Antioxidant Enzymes
4.9. Antioxidant Capacity of LmW and Its Comparison with Other Foods in the Region
4.10. Limitations
5. Conclusions
6. Future Lines of Research
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Authors | Objective | LmW Types Used in Studies | Phytochemical Compounds * | Bioactive Components |
---|---|---|---|---|
In vitro research | ||||
Zhu et al. [40] | To investigate the role of AEM on muscle during exercise-induced fatigue both in vivo and in vitro | Aqueous extract of black Maca | Flavan-3-ol derivatives Polysaccharide Total polyphenol Total flavonoids | Total polysaccharide 19.72 mg/mL Reducing sugar 2.87 mg/mL Total protein 2.62 mg/mL Total amino acids 7.87 mg/mL Total fatty acids 1.17 mg/mL Total polyphenol 16.60 μg/mL Total flavonoids 21.40 μg/mL |
Zhu et al. [41] | To explore the underlying mechanism of the Maca compound preparation, a prescription for the management of exercise-induced fatigue | Maca compound preparation | Flavan-3-ol derivatives Polysaccharide Total polyphenol Total flavonoids | Total polysaccharides 34.78 ± 2.43 mg/mL Flavonoids 0.15 ± 0.01 mg/mL Total amino acids 1845.27 ± 10.92 mg/mL |
In vivo research (animals) | ||||
Choi et al. [42] | To investigate the effect of standardized lipid-soluble extract obtained by supercritical fluid extraction of Maca on swimming endurance capacity, serum biochemical parameters, and antioxidant status in a weight-loaded forced swimming rat model | Lipid soluble extract of yellow Maca | Flavan-3-ol derivatives N-benzyl-5-oxo-6E,8E-oc-tadecadienamide N-benzyl-hexadecanamide | Water 29.7% Fatty acids 10.8% (2.58% palmitic acid, 1.85% oleic acid, 3.55% linoleic acid, and 1.75% linolenic acid) 0.7% sterols (b-sitosterol and campesterol) Total phenolic content 26.5 mg/g Macamides 7.8 mg/g (N-benzylhexadecanamide and N-benzyl-5-oxo-6E,8E-octadecadienamide) |
He et al. [43] | To investigate the effects of polysaccharides from Maca on oxidative damage induced by exhaustive swimming exercise using rat models | Polysaccharides from Maca | Flavan-3-ol derivatives | 2.37% weight/weight of dried roots of Maca |
Li et al. [44] | To investigate the anti-physical fatigue effect of polysaccharides from Maca and the possible mechanisms | Polysaccharides from yellow Maca | Flavan-3-ol derivatives Polysaccharides (7.6 and 6.7 kDa) | 2.37% weight/weight of dried roots of Maca |
Orhan et al. [13] | To see whether a new MPB form affected serum, muscle, and liver oxidant and antioxidant responses, anti-fatigue, endurance capacity, and especially mitochondrial biogenesis-associated proteins in exhaustion-exposed rats | Powder blend of red and black Maca (ratio 4:1) | Flavan-3-ol derivatives Benzoic acid derivative | Undeclared |
Tang et al. [45] | To investigate the antifatigue effect of MP by using a mouse weight-loaded swimming model to provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the comprehensive exploration of MP | Polysaccharides from Lepidium meyenii Walp | Flavan-3-ol derivatives Polysaccharide (D-GalA-riched) | D-GalA (35.07%), D-Glc (29.98%), L-Ara (16.98%), D-Man (13.01%), D-Gal (4.21%), and L-Rha (0.75%) |
Yang et al. [46] | To investigate the effects of macamides on endurance capacity and anti-fatigue properties in prolonged swimming mice | Macamides from Lepidium meyenii Walp | Flavan-3-ol derivatives N-benzyl-oleamide N-benzyl-linoleamide | low-dose group of N-benzyllinoleamide (12 mg/kg), high-dose group of N-benzyllinoleamide (40 mg/kg), low-dose group of N-benzyloleamide (12 mg/kg), high-dose group of N-benzyloleamide (40 mg/kg), low-dose group of N-benzylpalmitamide (12 mg/kg), and high-dose group of N-benzylpalmitamide (40 mg/kg). |
Zheng et al. [47] | To investigate the activity of energy enhancement of aqueous extracts from roots of Maca on the behavior in mice using FST | Aqueous extract of yellow Maca | Flavan-3-ol derivatives Benzyl-isothiocyanate Polysaccharides | MacaForceTM AQ-2 contains 0.18% benzyl-isothiocyanate, 0.019% sterols (0.006% campesterol, 0.003% stigmasterol, and 0.010% β-sitosterol), 1.11% fatty acids (0.28% capric acid, 0.2% lauric acid, 0.19% palmitic acid, 0.02% stearic acid, 0.06% oleic acid, 0.24% linoleic acid, and 0.12% linolenic acid), 5.97% amino acids (0.145% alanine, 0.374% arginine, 0.139% aspartic acid, 0.252% glutamic acid, 0.060% glycine, 0.030% histidine, 0.039% isoleucine, 0.038% leucine, 0.031% lysine, 0.013% methionine, 4.630% proline, 0.028% serine, 0.052% threonine, 0.019% tyrosine, and 0.115% valine), 21.0% polysaccharide (hydrolyzable carbohydrate: 1.20% glucose, 4.45% fructose, and 15.3% sucrose), and 0.27% macaene and macamides |
Zhu et al. [40] | To investigate the role of AEM on muscle during exercise-induced fatigue both in vivo and in vitro | Aqueous extract of black Maca | Flavan-3-ol derivatives Polysaccharide Total polyphenol Total flavonoids | Total polysaccharide 19.72 mg/mL Reducing sugar 2.87 mg/mL Total protein 2.62 mg/mL Total amino acids 7.87 mg/mL Total fatty acids 1.170 mg/mL Total polyphenol 16.60 μg/mL Total flavonoids 21.4 μg/mL |
Zhu et al. [41] | To explore the underlying mechanism of the MCP, a prescription for management of exercise-induced fatigue | Maca compound preparation | Flavan-3-ol derivatives Polysaccharide Total polyphenol Total flavonoids | Total polysaccharides 34.78 ± 2.43 mg/mL Flavonoids 0.15 ± 0.01 mg/mL Total amino acids 1845.27 ± 10.92 mg/mL |
Authors | Participants or Sample | IV | DV | Test | Supplementation Protocol | Results | Effect |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In vitro research | |||||||
Zhu et al. [40] | C2C12 cells (n = 96) | EG: AEM + oxidative stress induced by H2O2 | PO: ROS | Fluorescence intensity, analysis of mitochondrial networks, analysis of mitochondrial network size, analysis of mitochondrial bench length, and analysis of mitochondrial footprint | AEM EG1: 100 μg/mL Positive drug EG2: 100 μg/mL caffeine CG1: normal incubation CG2: normal incubation + H2O2 | ROS (fluorescence intensity): CG2 = 1164 ± 74 vs. CG1 = 323 ± 64; p < 0.05 EG1 = 847 ± 71 vs. CG1 = 323 ± 64; p < 0.05 EG1 = 847 ± 71 vs. CG2 = 1164 ± 74; p < 0.05 EG2 = 842 ± 63 vs. CG1 = 323 ± 64; p < 0.05 EG2 = 842 ± 63 vs. CG2 = 1164 ± 74; p < 0.05 | ROS (fluorescence intensity): CG2 vs. CG1 ↑ EG1 vs. CG1 ↑ EG1 vs. CG2 ↓ EG2 vs. CG1 ↑ EG1 vs. CG2 ↓ |
Zhu et al. [41] | C2C12 cells (n = 5) | EG: Maca compound preparation + oxidative stress induced by H2O2 | PO: ROS | Fluorescent probe, luminescence, and mitochondrial membrane potential assay | MCP EG1: 100 μg/mL EG2: 500 μg/mL EG3: 1000 μg/mL EG4: 100 μg/mL caffeine CG1: incubated in standard conditions CG2: incubated in standard conditions + H2O2 | ROS (U/mL): CG2 = 1160 ± 70 vs. CG1 = 375 ± 16; p < 0.01 EG1 = 860 ± 20 vs. CG1 = 375 ± 16; p < 0.01 EG1 = 860 ± 20 vs. CG2 = 1160 ± 70; p < 0.01 EG2 = 710 ± 40 vs. CG1 = 375 ± 16; p < 0.01 EG2 = 710 ± 40 vs. CG2 = 1160 ± 70; p < 0.01 EG3 = 710 ± 30 vs. CG1 = 375 ± 16; p < 0.01 EG3 = 710 ± 30 vs. CG2 = 1160 ± 70; p < 0.01 EG4 = 800 ± 45 vs. CG1 = 375 ± 16; p < 0.01 EG4 = 800 ± 45 vs. CG2 = 1160 ± 70; p < 0.01 | ROS (U/mL): CG2 vs. CG1 ↓ EG1 vs. CG1 ↓ EG1 vs. CG2 ↑ EG2 vs. CG1 ↓ EG2 vs. CG2 ↑ EG3 vs. CG1 ↓ EG3 vs. CG2 ↑ EG4 vs. CG1 ↓ EG4 vs. CG2 ↑ |
In vivo research (animals) | |||||||
Choi et al. [42] | Mice: EG1 (n = 20) EG2 (n = 20) CG (n = 20) | EG1 and EG2: Lipid-soluble Maca extract CG: PL | PO: TBARS, GSH, catalase, and SOD | FST: Bio: Liver and hind limb | Lipid soluble Maca extract: EG1: 30 mg/10 mL/kg EG2: 100 mg/10 mL/kg CG: 10 mL/kg sterile water | TBARS l (nmol/g): EG1 = 19.6 ± 1.0 vs. CG = 19.8 ± 0.8; p > 0.05 EG2 = 17.3 ± 0.7 vs. CG = 19.8 ± 0.8; p < 0.05 TBARS m (nmol/g): EG1 = 41.5 ± 1.6 vs. CG = 40.5 ± 2.0; p > 0.05 EG2 = 41.4 ± 0.6 vs. CG = 40.5 ± 2.0; p > 0.05 GSH l (μmol/g): EG1 = 1.08 ± 0.03 vs. CG = 1.02 ± 0.03; p > 0.05 EG2 = 1.12 ± 0.02 vs. CG = 1.02 ± 0.03; p < 0.05 GSH m (μmol/g): EG1 = 7.04 ± 0.20 vs. CG = 7.03 ± 0.17; p > 0.05 EG2 = 7.65 ± 0.16 vs. CG = 7.03 ± 0.17; p < 0.05 SOD l (U/mg): EG1 = 7.99 ± 0.21 vs. CG = 8.08 ± 0.23; p > 0.05 EG2 = 8.23 ± 0.20 vs. CG = 8.08 ± 0.23; p > 0.05 SOD m (U/mg): EG1 = 33.9 ± 0.76 vs. CG = 32.3 ± 0.43; p > 0.05 EG2 = 33.0 ± 0.70 vs. CG = 32.3 ± 0.43; p > 0.05 Catalase muscle (μmol/min/mg): EG1 = 0.021 ± 0.001 vs. CG = 0.019 ± 0.001; p > 0.05 EG2 = 0.019 ± 0.001 vs. CG = 0.019 ± 0.001; p > 0.05 Catalase liver (μmol/min/mg): EG1 = 1.76 ± 0.03 vs. CG = 1.65 ± 0.06; p > 0.05 EG2 = 2.09 ± 0.05 vs. CG = 1.65 ± 0.06; p < 0.05 | TBARS (nmol/g): EG1 vs. CG ↔ EG2 vs. CG ↑ TBARS (nmol/g): EG1 vs. CG ↔ EG2 vs. CG ↔ GSH (μmol/g): EG1 vs. CG ↔ EG2 vs. CG ↓ GSH (μmol/g): EG1 vs. CG ↔ EG2 vs. CG ↓ SOD (U/mg): EG1 vs. CG ↔ EG2 vs. CG ↔ SOD liver (U/mg): EG1 vs. CG ↔ EG2 vs. CG ↔ Catalase muscle (μmol/min/mg): EG1 vs. CG ↔ EG2 vs. CG ↔ Catalase liver (μmol/min/mg): EG1 vs. CG ↔ EG2 vs. CG ↑ |
He et al. [43] | Mice: EG1 (n = 10) EG2 (n = 10) EG3 (n = 10) CG1 (n = 10) CG2 (n = 10) | EG: MP CG: PL | PO: MDA, GPx, GSH, and SOD | FST | MP EG1: exercise + 50 mg/kg EG2: exercise + 100 mg/kg EG3: exercise + 200 mg/kg CG1: sedentary + distilled water CG2: exercise + distilled water | MDA m (nmol/mg): EG1 = 2.72 ± 0.18 vs. CG1 = 1.8 ± 0.45; p < 0.05 EG1 = 2.72 ± 0.18 vs. CG2 = 3.1 ± 0.50; p < 0.05 EG2 = 2.25 ± 0.75 vs. CG1 = 1.8 ± 0.45; p < 0.05 EG2 = 2.25 ± 0.75 vs. CG2 = 3.1 ± 0.50; p < 0.05 EG3 = 2.37 ± 0.37 vs. CG1 = 1.8 ± 0.45; p < 0.05 EG3 = 2.37 ± 0.37 vs. CG2 = 3.1 ± 0.50; p < 0.05 CG1 = 1.80 ± 0.45 vs. CG2 = 3.1 ± 0.50; p < 0.05 GPx m (U/mg): EG1 = 12.0 ± 1.9 vs. CG1 = 17.2 ± 3.1; p < 0.05 EG1 = 12.0 ± 1.9 vs. CG2 = 8.3 ± 3.5; p < 0.05 EG2 = 14.7 ± 2.7 vs. CG1 = 17.2 ± 3.1; p < 0.05 EG2 = 14.7 ± 2.7 vs. CG2 = 8.3 ± 3.5; p < 0.05 EG3 = 16.1 ± 3.6 vs. CG1 = 17.2 ± 3.1; p > 0.05 EG3 = 16.1 ± 3.6 vs. CG2 = 8.3 ± 3.5; p < 0.05 CG1 = 17.2 ± 3.1 vs. CG2 = 8.3 ± 3.5; p < 0.05 GSH m (mmol/g): EG1 = 2.38 ± 0.42 vs. CG1 = 3.2 ± 0.55; p < 0.05 EG1 = 2.38 ± 0.42 vs. CG2 = 2.0 ± 0.38; p < 0.05 EG2 = 2.61 ± 0.19 vs. CG1 = 3.2 ± 0.55; p < 0.05 EG2 = 2.61 ± 0.19 vs. CG2 = 2.0 ± 0.38; p < 0.05 EG3 = 2.95 ± 0.55 vs. CG1 = 3.2 ± 0.55; p > 0.05 EG3 = 2.95 ± 0.55 vs. CG2 = 2.0 ± 0.38; p < 0.05 CG1 = 3.20 ± 0.55 vs. CG2 = 2.0 ± 0.38; p < 0.05 SOD m (U/mg): EG1 = 143 ± 29 vs. CG1 = 188 ± 34; p < 0.05 EG1 = 143 ± 29 vs. CG2 = 114 ± 21; p < 0.05 EG2 = 157 ± 33 vs. CG1 = 188 ± 34; p < 0.05 EG2 = 157 ± 33 vs. CG2 = 114 ± 21; p < 0.05 EG3 = 174 ± 24 vs. CG1 = 188 ± 34; p > 0.05 EG3 = 174 ± 24 vs. CG2 = 114 ± 21; p < 0.05 CG1 = 188 ± 34 vs. CG2 = 114 ± 21; p < 0.05 | MDA (nmol/mg): EG1 vs. CG1 ↑ EG1 vs. CG2 ↓ EG2 vs. CG1 ↑ EG2 vs. CG2 ↓ EG3 vs. CG1 ↑ EG3 vs. CG2 ↓ CG1 vs. CG2 ↓ GPx (U/mg): EG1 vs. CG1 ↓ EG1 vs. CG2 ↑ EG2 vs. CG1 ↓ EG2 vs. CG2 ↑ EG3 vs. CG1 ↔ EG3 vs. CG2 ↑ CG1 vs. CG2 ↑ GSH (mmol/g): EG1 vs. CG1 ↓ EG1 vs. CG2 ↑ EG2 vs. CG1 ↓ EG2 vs. CG2 ↑ EG3 vs. CG1 ↔ EG3 vs. CG2 ↑ CG1 vs. CG2 ↑ SOD (U/mg): EG1 vs. CG1 ↓ EG1 vs. CG2 ↑ EG2 vs. CG1 ↓ EG2 vs. CG2 ↑ EG3 vs. CG1 ↔ EG3 vs. CG2 ↑ CG1 vs. CG2 ↑ |
Li et al. [44] | Mice: EG1 (n = 12) EG2 (n = 12) EG3 (n = 12) CG (n = 12) | EG: MP CG: PL | PO: MDA, GPx, and SOD | FST Bio: Liver | MP EG1: 500 mg/kg EG2: 1000 mg/kg EG3: 2000 mg/kg CG: distilled water | MDA l (mmol/mg): EG1 = 7.40 ± 0.98 vs. CG = 8.48 ± 1.13; p < 0.05 EG2 = 7.15 ± 0.55 vs. CG = 8.48 ± 1.13; p < 0.05 EG3 = 6.50 ± 0.77 vs. CG = 8.48 ± 1.13; p < 0.05 GPx l (U/mg): EG1 = 59.4 ± 7.1 vs. CG = 56.2 ± 8.7; p > 0.05 EG2 = 67.5 ± 10.1 vs. CG = 56.2 ± 8.7; p < 0.05 EG3 = 74.9 ± 7.6 vs. CG = 56.2 ± 8.7; p < 0.05 SOD l (U/mg): EG1 = 44.3 ± 6.2 vs. CG = 34.5 ± 5.5; p < 0.05 EG2 = 51.8 ± 8.7 vs. CG = 34.5 ± 5.5; p < 0.05 EG3 = 58.3 ± 9.2 vs. CG = 34.5 ± 5.5; p < 0.05 | MDA (mmol/mg): EG1 vs. CG ↑ EG2 vs. CG ↑ EG3 vs. CG ↑ GPx (U/mg): EG1 vs. CG ↔ EG2 vs. CG ↑ EG3 vs. CG ↔ SOD (U/mg): EG1 vs. CG ↑ EG2 vs. CG ↑ EG3 vs. CG ↑ |
Orhan et al. [13] | Mice: EG1 (n = 7) EG2 (n = 7) CG1 (n = 7) CG2 (n = 7) | EG: MPB and MPB + FST CG: PL and PL + FST | PO: serum MDA, liver MDA, muscle MDA, liver GPx, muscle GPx, liver SOD, and muscle SOD | FST Bio: Liver | MPB EG1: 40 mg/kg EG2: 40 mg/kg of MPB + FST CG1: 1 mL of water CG2: 1 mL of water + FST | Serum MDA (μmol/L): EG1 = 0.44 ± 0.04 vs. CG1 = 0.71 ± 0.03; p < 0.01 EG1 = 0.44 ± 0.04 vs. CG2 = 1.60 ± 0.06; p < 0.001 EG2 = 1.17 ± 0.04 vs. CG1 = 0.71 ± 0.03; p < 0.001 EG2 = 1.17 ± 0.04 vs. CG2 = 1.60 ± 0.06; p < 0.001 CG1 = 0.71 ± 0.03 vs. CG2 = 1.60 ± 0.06; p < 0.001 MDA l (nmol/g): EG1 = 1.64 ± 0.06 vs. CG1 = 2.10 ± 0.11; p < 0.05 EG1 = 1.64 ± 0.06 vs. CG2 = 3.28 ± 0.10; p < 0.001 EG2 = 2.52 ± 0.12 vs. CG1 = 2.10 ± 0.11; p < 0.05 EG2 = 2.52 ± 0.12 vs. CG2 = 3.28 ± 0.10; p < 0.001 CG1 = 2.10 ± 0.11 vs. CG2 = 3.28 ± 0.10; p < 0.001 MDA m (nmol/g): EG1 = 1.18 ± 0.05 vs. CG1 = 1.57 ± 0.06; p < 0.001 EG1 = 1.18 ± 0.05 vs. CG2 = 2.53 ± 0.06; p < 0.001 EG2 = 2.04 ± 0.05 vs. CG1 = 1.57 ± 0.06; p < 0.001 EG2 = 2.04 ± 0.05 vs. CG2 = 2.53 ± 0.06; p < 0.001 CG1 = 1.57 ± 0.06 vs. CG2 = 2.53 ± 0.006; p < 0.001 GPx l (U/mg): EG1 = 120.93 ± 2.09 vs. CG1 = 116.32 ± 2.28; p > 0.05 EG1 = 120.93 ± 2.09 vs. CG2 = 106.57 ± 2.06; p < 0.01 EG2 = 113.08 ± 2.09 vs. CG1 = 116.32 ± 2.28; p > 0.05 EG2 = 113.08 ± 2.09 vs. CG2 = 106.57 ± 2.06; p > 0.05 CG1 = 116.32 ± 2.28 vs. CG2 = 106.57 ± 2.06; p < 0.05 GPx m (U/mg): EG1 = 14.08 ± 0.38 vs. CG1 = 11.10 ± 0.38; p < 0.001 EG1 = 14.08 ± 0.38 vs. CG2 = 6.26 ± 0.11; p < 0.001 EG2 = 8.99 ± 0.25 vs. CG1 = 11.10 ± 0.38; p < 0.001 EG2 = 8.99 ± 0.25 vs. CG2 = 6.26 ± 0.11; p < 0.001 CG1 = 11.10 ± 0.38 vs. CG2 = 6.26 ± 0.11; p < 0.001 SOD l (U/mg): EG1 = 91.47 ± 2.29 vs. CG1 = 85.64 ± 2.46; p > 0.05 EG1 = 91.47 ± 2.29 vs. CG2 = 71.02 ± 2.08; p < 0.001 EG2 = 78.22 ± 2.58 vs. CG1 = 85.64 ± 2.46; p > 0.05 EG2 = 78.22 ± 2.58 vs. CG2 = 71.02 ± 2.08; p > 0.05 CG1 = 85.64 ± 2.46 vs. CG2 = 71.02 ± 2.08; p < 0.01 SOD m (U/mg): EG1 = 84.89 ± 2.76 vs. CG1 = 79.40 ± 1.74; p > 0.05 EG1 = 84.89 ± 2.76 vs. CG2 = 71.64 ± 1.14; p < 0.01 EG2 = 75.79 ± 2.32 vs. CG1 = 79.40 ± 1.74; p > 0.05 EG2 = 75.79 ± 2.32 vs. CG2 = 71.64 ± 1.14; p > 0.05 CG1 = 79.40 ± 1.74 vs. CG2 = 71.64 ± 1.14; p > 0.05 | Serum MDA (μmol/L): EG1 vs. CG1 ↑ EG1 vs. CG2 ↑ EG2 vs. CG1 ↓ EG2 vs. CG2 ↑ CG1 vs. CG2 ↑ MDA l (nmol/g): EG1 vs. CG1 ↑ EG1 vs. CG2 ↑ EG2 vs. CG1 ↓ EG2 vs. CG2 ↓ CG1 vs. CG2 ↑ MDA m (nmol/g): EG1 vs. CG1 ↑ EG1 vs. CG2 ↑ EG2 vs. CG1 ↑ EG2 vs. CG2 ↑ CG1 vs. CG2 ↑ GPx l (U/mg): EG1 vs. CG1 ↔ EG1 vs. CG2 ↑ EG2 vs. CG1 ↔ EG2 vs. CG2 ↔ CG1 vs. CG2 ↑ GPx m (U/mg): EG1 vs. CG1 ↑ EG1 vs. CG2 ↑ EG2 vs. CG1 ↓ EG2 vs. CG2 ↑ CG1 vs. CG2 ↑ SOD l (U/mg): EG1 vs. CG1 ↔ EG1 vs. CG2 ↑ EG2 vs. CG1 ↔ EG2 vs. CG2 ↔ CG1 vs. CG2 ↑ SOD m (U/mg): EG1 vs. CG1 ↔ EG1 vs. CG2 ↑ EG2 vs. CG1 ↔ EG2 vs. CG2 ↔ CG1 vs. CG2 ↔ |
Tang et al. [45] | Mice: EG1 (n = 20) EG2 (n = 20) EG3 (n = 20) CG (n = 20) | EG: MP CG: PL | PO: MDA and GSH-Px | FST | MP EG1: 100 mg/kg EG2: 50 mg/kg EG3: 25 mg/kg CG: distilled water | Serum MDA (nmol/mg): EG1 = 4.53 ± 1.33 vs. CG = 5.05 ± 0.38; p > 0.05 EG2 = 4.81 ± 1.12 vs. CG = 5.05 ± 0.38; p > 0.05 EG3 = 3.98 ± 0.65 vs. CG = 5.05 ± 0.38; p < 0.01 Serum GSH-Px (μmol/L): EG1 = 510 ± 115 vs. CG = 505 ± 22; p > 0.05 EG2 = 612 ± 174 vs. CG = 505 ± 22; p < 0.05 EG3 = 593 ± 45 vs. CG = 505 ± 22; p < 0.05 | MDA (nmol/mg): EG1 vs. CG ↔ EG2 vs. CG ↔ EG3 vs. CG ↑ GSH-Px (μmol/L): EG1 vs. CG ↔ EG2 vs. CG ↑ EG3 vs. CG ↑ |
Yang et al. [46] | Mice: EG1 (n = 10) EG2 (n = 10) EG3 (n = 10) EG4 (n = 10) EG5 (n = 10) EG6 (n = 10) CG (n = 10) | EG: Maca extract (N-benzyllinoleamide, N-benzyl oleamide and N-benzylpalmitamide) CG: PL | PO: MDA, GSH-Px, and SOD SO: glucose | FST Bio: liver | N-benzyllinoleamide EG1: 12 mg/10mL/kg EG2: 40 mg/10 mL/kg N-benzyl oleamide EG3: 12 mg/10 mL/kg EG4: 40 mg/10 mL/kg N-benzylpalmitamide EG5: 12 mg/10 mL/kg EG6: 40 mg/10 mL/kg CG: distilled water | MDA b (nmol/mgprot): EG1 = 3.03 ± 0.74 vs. CG = 3.20 ± 0.74; p > 0.05 EG2 = 2.58 ± 0.52 vs. CG = 3.20 ± 0.74; p < 0.05 EG3 = 3.04 ± 0.49 vs. CG = 3.20 ± 0.74; p > 0.05 EG4 = 2.43 ± 0.64 vs. CG = 3.20 ± 0.74; p < 0.01 EG5 = 3.06 ± 1.49 vs. CG = 3.20 ± 0.74; p > 0.05 EG6 = 3.29 ± 0.83 vs. CG = 3.20 ± 0.74; p > 0.05 MDA m (nmol/mgprot): EG1 = 2.68 ± 0.35 vs. CG = 2.83 ± 0.26; p > 0.05 EG2 = 2.39 ± 0.32 vs. CG = 2.83 ± 0.26; p < 0.05 EG3 = 2.61 ± 0.38 vs. CG = 2.83 ± 0.26; p > 0.05 EG4 = 2.43 ± 0.31 vs. CG = 2.83 ± 0.26; p < 0.05 EG5 = 3.05 ± 0.43 vs. CG = 2.83 ± 0.26; p > 0.05 EG6 = 2.92 ± 0.35 vs. CG = 2.83 ± 0.26; p > 0.05 MDA l (nmol/mgprot): EG1 = 1.28 ± 0.26 vs. CG = 1.36 ± 0.22; p > 0.05 EG2 = 1.20 ± 0.18 vs. CG = 1.36 ± 0.22; p > 0.05 EG3 = 1.25 ± 0.24 vs. CG = 1.36 ± 0.22; p > 0.05 EG4 = 1.10 ± 0.32 vs. CG = 1.36 ± 0.22; p < 0.05 EG5 = 1.34 ± 0.31 vs. CG = 1.36 ± 0.22; p > 0.05 EG6 = 1.31 ± 0.43 vs. CG = 1.36 ± 0.22; p > 0.05 GSH-Px b (U/mgprot): EG1 = 44.20 ± 9.89 vs. CG = 33.23 ± 10.11; p < 0.05 EG2 = 45.35 ± 11.44 vs. CG = 33.23 ± 10.11; p < 0.05 EG3 = 42.73 ± 9.20 vs. CG = 33.23 ± 10.11; p < 0.05 EG4 = 50.12 ± 9.73 vs. CG = 33.23 ± 10.11; p < 0.01 EG5 = 33.70 ± 9.51 vs. CG = 33.23 ± 10.11; p > 0.05 EG6 = 37.32 ± 8.20 vs. CG = 33.23 ± 10.11; p > 0.05 GSH-Px m (U/mgprot): EG1 = 9.34 ± 1.02 vs. CG = 8.47 ± 0.97; p > 0.05 EG2 = 11.13 ± 1.07 vs. CG = 8.47 ± 0.97; p < 0.05 EG3 = 9.25 ± 1.13 vs. CG = 8.47 ± 0.97; p > 0.05 EG4 = 10.88 ± 0.74 vs. CG = 8.47 ± 0.97; p < 0.05 EG5 = 8.88 ± 0.87 vs. CG = 8.47 ± 0.97; p > 0.05 EG6 = 9.14 ± 0.78 vs. CG = 8.47 ± 0.97; p > 0.05 GSH-Px l (U/mgprot): EG1 = 160.06 ± 21.80 vs. CG = 152.60 ± 28.66; p > 0.05 EG2 = 176.84 ± 19.34 vs. CG = 152.60 ± 28.66; p < 0.05 EG3 = 157.14 ± 17.10 vs. CG = 152.60 ± 28.66; p > 0.05 EG4 = 180.21 ± 20.33 vs. CG = 152.60 ± 28.66; p < 0.05 EG5 = 149.46 ± 23.68 vs. CG = 152.60 ± 28.66; p > 0.05 EG6 = 161.46 ± 27.11 vs. CG = 152.60 ± 28.66; p > 0.05 SOD b (U/mgprot): EG1 = 211.40 ± 31.99 vs. CG = 180.71 ± 30.31; p < 0.05 EG2 = 207.49 ± 20.46 vs. CG = 180.71 ± 30.31; p < 0.05 EG3 = 201.66 ± 18.77 vs. CG = 180.71 ± 30.31; p < 0.01 EG4 = 217.01 ± 25.89 vs. CG = 180.71 ± 30.31; p < 0.01 EG5 = 197.51 ± 36.01 vs. CG = 180.71 ± 30.31; p > 0.05 EG6 = 201.54 ± 30.00 vs. CG = 180.71 ± 30.31; p > 0.05 SOD m (U/mgprot): EG1 = 46.39 ± 10.40 vs. CG = 47.29 ± 9.21; p > 0.05 EG2 = 60.29 ± 9.20 vs. CG = 47.29 ± 9.21; p < 0.05 EG3 = 50.11 ± 10.33 vs. CG = 47.29 ± 9.21; p > 0.05 EG4 = 58.48 ± 10.19 vs. CG = 47.29 ± 9.21; p < 0.05 EG5 = 51.35 ± 8.87 vs. CG = 47.29 ± 9.21; p > 0.05 EG6 = 53.78 ± 13.94 vs. CG = 47.29 ± 9.21; p > 0.05 SOD l (U/mgprot): EG1 = 131.73 ± 26.62 vs. CG = 110.75 ± 28.68; p > 0.05 EG2 = 142.72 ± 27.18 vs. CG = 110.75 ± 28.68; p < 0.05 EG3 = 123.22 ± 31.45 vs. CG = 110.75 ± 28.68; p > 0.05 EG4 = 145.50 ± 29.49 vs. CG = 110.75 ± 28.68; p < 0.05 EG5 = 112.51 ± 24.41 vs. CG = 110.75 ± 28.68; p > 0.05 EG6 = 118.64 ± 31.19 vs. CG = 110.75 ± 28.68; p > 0.05 Glucose (mmol/L): EG1 = 5.34 ± 0.64 vs. CG = 5.59 ± 0.78; p > 0.05 EG2 = 5.96 ± 0.95 vs. CG = 5.59 ± 0.78; p > 0.05 EG3 = 5.56 ± 0.74 vs. CG = 5.59 ± 0.78; p > 0.05 EG4 = 5.92 ± 0.83 vs. CG = 5.59 ± 0.78; p > 0.05 EG5 = 5.34 ± 0.86 vs. CG = 5.59 ± 0.78; p > 0.05 EG6 = 5.77 ± 0.70 vs. CG = 5.59 ± 0.78; p > 0.05 | MDA b (nmol/mgprot): EG1 vs. CG ↔ EG2 vs. CG ↑ EG3 vs. CG ↔ EG4 vs. CG ↑ EG5 vs. CG ↔ EG6 vs. CG ↔ MDA m (nmol/mgprot): EG1 vs. CG ↔ EG2 vs. CG ↑ EG3 vs. CG ↔ EG4 vs. CG ↑ EG5 vs. CG ↔ EG6 vs. CG ↔ MDA l (nmol/mgprot): EG1 vs. CG ↔ EG2 vs. CG ↔ EG3 vs. CG ↔ EG4 vs. CG ↑ EG5 vs. CG ↔ EG6 vs. CG ↔ GSH-Px b (U/mgprot): EG1 vs. CG ↑ EG2 vs. CG ↑ EG3 vs. CG ↑ EG4 vs. CG ↑ EG5 vs. CG ↔ EG6 vs. CG ↔ GSH-Px m (U/mgprot): EG1 vs. CG ↔ EG2 vs. CG ↑ EG3 vs. CG ↔ EG4 vs. CG ↑ EG5 vs. CG ↔ EG7 vs. CG ↔ GSH-Px l (U/mgprot): EG1 vs. CG ↔ EG2 vs. CG ↑ EG3 vs. CG ↔ EG4 vs. CG ↑ EG5 vs. CG ↔ EG6 vs. CG ↔ SOD b (U/mgprot): EG1 vs. CG ↑ EG2 vs. CG ↑ EG3 vs. CG ↑ EG4 vs. CG ↑ EG5 vs. CG ↔ EG6 vs. CG ↔ SOD m (U/mgprot): EG1 vs. CG ↔ EG2 vs. CG ↑ EG3 vs. CG ↔ EG4 vs. CG ↑ EG5 vs. CG ↔ EG6 vs. CG ↔ SOD l (U/mgprot): EG1 vs. CG ↔ EG2 vs. CG ↑ EG3 vs. CG ↔ EG4 vs. CG ↑ EG5 vs. CG ↔ EG6 vs. CG ↔ Glucose (mmol/L): EG1 vs. CG ↔ EG2 vs. CG ↔ EG3 vs. CG ↔ EG4 vs. CG ↔ EG5 vs. CG ↔ EG6 vs. CG ↔ |
Zheng et al. [47] | Mice: EG (n = 15) CG (n = 15) | EG: MacaForceTM AQ-2 CG: PL | PO: MDA | FST | MacaForceTM AQ-2 EG: 40 mg/kg CG: 10% ethanol/water solution | Serum MDA (μmol/L): EG1 = 7.78 ± 0.43 vs. CG = 8.08 ± 0.39; p < 0.01 | MDA (μmol/L): EG vs. CG ↑ |
Zhu et al. [40] | Mice: EG1 (n = 10) EG2 (n = 10) CG1 (n = 10) CG2 (n = 10) | EG: Maca aqueous extract (ME) and caffeine CG: PL and PL + exercise | PO: ROS in blood and ROS in muscle | RRT and GST | ME: EG1: 100 mg/kg EG2: 10 mg/kg caffeine CG1: 10 mL/kg sterile water CG2: 10 mL/kg sterile water + exercise | ROS in the blood (U/mL): EG1 = 344.6 ± 35.2 vs. CG2 = 398.5 ± 25.8; p < 0.05 EG2 = 337.5 ± 31.4 vs. CG2 = 398.5 ± 25.8; p < 0.01 CG2 = 398.5 ± 25.8 vs. CG1 = 320 ± 39.4; p < 0.01 ROS in muscle (U/mL): EG1 = 341.8 ± 15.5 vs. CG2 = 363.2 ± 5.5; p < 0.05 EG2 = 339.4 ± 10.7 vs. CG2 = 363.2 ± 5.5; p < 0.05 CG2 = 363.2 ± 5.5 vs. CG1 = 321.5 ± 11.7; p < 0.01 | ROS in the blood (U/mL): EG1 vs. CG2 ↑ EG2 vs. CG2 ↑ CG2 vs. CG1 ↓ ROS in muscle (U/mL): EG1 vs. CG2 ↑ EG2 vs. CG2 ↑ CG2 vs. CG1 ↓ |
Zhu et al. [41] | Mice EG1 (n = 10) EG2 (n = 10) EG3 (n = 10) EG4 (n = 10) CG (n = 10) | EG: MCP CG: PL | PO: ROS | RRT and GST | MCP EG1: 1000 mg/kg MCP EG2: 2000 mg/kg MCP EG3: 4000 mg/kg MCP EG4: 10 mg/kg caffeine CG1: 1000 mg/kg sterile water CG2: 1000 mg/kg sterile water + Ex | ROS (U/mL): EG1 = 343 ± 16 vs. CG1 = 325 ± 10; p > 0.05 EG1 = 343 ± 16 vs. CG2 = 358 ± 6; p > 0.05 EG2 = 334 ± 7 vs. CG1 = 325 ± 10; p > 0.05 EG2 = 334 ± 7 vs. CG2 = 358 ± 6; p < 0.05 EG3 = 333 ± 13 vs. CG1 = 325 ± 10; p > 0.05 EG3 = 333 ± 13 vs. CG2 = 358 ± 6; p < 0.05 EG4 = 337 ± 11 vs. CG1 = 325 ± 10; p > 0.05 EG4 = 337 ± 11 vs. CG2 = 358 ± 6; p < 0.05 CG1 = 325 ± 10 vs. CG2 = 358 ± 6; p < 0.01 | ROS (U/mL): EG1 vs. CG1 ↔ EG1 vs. CG2 ↔ EG2 vs. CG1 ↔ EG2 vs. CG2 ↑ EG3 vs. CG2 ↔ EG3 vs. CG2 ↑ EG4 vs. CG1 ↔ EG4 vs. CG2 ↑ CG1 vs. CG2 ↑ |
Authors | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | TOTAL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Choi et al. [42] | * | * | * | 0 | 0 | * | * | 0 | * | * | 7 |
He et al. [43] | * | * | * | 0 | 0 | * | * | 0 | * | * | 7 |
Li et al. [44] | * | * | * | 0 | 0 | * | * | 0 | * | * | 7 |
Orhan et al. [13] | * | * | * | 0 | 0 | * | * | * | * | * | 8 |
Tang et al. [45] | * | * | * | 0 | 0 | * | * | 0 | * | * | 7 |
Yang et al. [46] | * | * | * | 0 | 0 | * | * | 0 | * | * | 7 |
Zheng et al. [47] | * | 0 | * | 0 | 0 | * | * | 0 | 0 | * | 5 |
Zhu et al. [40] | * | * | * | 0 | 0 | * | * | 0 | * | * | 7 |
Zhu et al. [41] | * | * | * | 0 | 0 | * | * | 0 | * | * | 7 |
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Huerta Ojeda, Á.; Rodríguez Rojas, J.; Cuevas Guíñez, J.; Ciriza Velásquez, S.; Cancino-López, J.; Barahona-Fuentes, G.; Yeomans-Cabrera, M.-M.; Pavez, L.; Jorquera-Aguilera, C. The Effects of Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) on Cellular Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091046
Huerta Ojeda Á, Rodríguez Rojas J, Cuevas Guíñez J, Ciriza Velásquez S, Cancino-López J, Barahona-Fuentes G, Yeomans-Cabrera M-M, Pavez L, Jorquera-Aguilera C. The Effects of Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) on Cellular Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(9):1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091046
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuerta Ojeda, Álvaro, Javiera Rodríguez Rojas, Jorge Cuevas Guíñez, Stephanie Ciriza Velásquez, Jorge Cancino-López, Guillermo Barahona-Fuentes, María-Mercedes Yeomans-Cabrera, Leonardo Pavez, and Carlos Jorquera-Aguilera. 2024. "The Effects of Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) on Cellular Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Antioxidants 13, no. 9: 1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091046