Phlorotannin Alleviates Liver Injury by Regulating Redox Balance, Apoptosis, and Ferroptosis of Broilers under Heat Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Birds, Experimental Design, Management and Diet
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Examination of Liver Histopathology and Liver Index
2.4. Assessment of Liver Function
2.5. Detection of Antioxidant Capability
2.6. Apoptosis Assay by TUNEL
2.7. Determination of mRNA Expression
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Liver Histopathology
3.2. Liver Function
3.3. Antioxidant Capacity
3.4. Hepatocyte Apoptosis
3.5. Determination of Antioxidant-Related Gene Expression
3.6. Determination of Inflammation-Related Gene Expression
3.7. Determination of Ferroptosis and Apoptosis-Related Gene Expression
3.8. Correlation Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Contents (%) |
---|---|
Ingredients | |
Corn | 55.00 |
Soybean meal | 34.82 |
Wheat bran | 2.00 |
Soybean oil | 5.00 |
Limestone | 0.50 |
CaHPO4 | 1.60 |
Salt | 0.30 |
DL-Met | 0.18 |
L-Lysine | 0.10 |
Choline chloride | 0.10 |
Vitamin premix 1 | 0.20 |
Mineral premix 2 | 0.20 |
Total | 100.00 |
Nutrient levels | |
Metabolizable energy 3 | 12.82 |
Crude protein | 19.92 |
Ca | 0.93 |
Available phosphorus | 0.44 |
Methionine | 0.45 |
Lysine | 1.30 |
Methionine + cystine | 0.72 |
Genes | Accession No. | Sequence |
---|---|---|
β-actin | NM_205518.1 | F: GTGATGGACTCTGGTGATGGTGTT R: TCTCGGCTGTGGTGGTGAAG |
Nrf2 | NM_205117.1 | F: TGTGTGTGATTCAACCCGACT R: TTAATGGAAGCCGCACCACT |
Keap1 | NM_012289.4 | F: ACTTCGCTGAGGTCTCCAAG R: CAGTCGTACTGCACCCAGTT |
CAT1 | NM_001031215.2 | F: CTATCCTTCCTGGTCTTTCTACAT R: TCATACGCCATCTGTTCTACCT |
Maf F | NM_204757.2 | F: CGACGACGGACGCTGAAGAA R: GTACTTGCCACGGAGAGTGTCAA |
Maf K | NM_204756.2 | F: GCAGCAAGAGGTGGAGAAGC R: ACGGCACGGAACTGGATGA |
Maf G | NM_001079489.1 | F: ACGCTGAAGAACCGAGGCTAC R: GTTCTGGCGAAGTTCTGGAGTG |
GSTT1 | NM_205365.1 | F: CATGCTAACATCCGGGCTAA R: AAATTGCTTCAGGGAAGTGG |
GSTA3 | NM_001001777.1 | F: GCGGCTGCTGGAGTTGAGTT R: GTAGTTGAGGATGGCTCTGGTCTG |
GSTO1 | NM_001277375.1 | F: GGGCTGGTTCCTGTTCTG R: TCTTCTGTAAGGCTCGCTCAT |
SOD1 | NM_205064.1 | F: AGGGAGGAGTGGCAGAAGT R: GCTAAACGAGGTCCAGCAT |
SOD2 | NM_204211.1 | F: TCCTGACCTGCCTTACGACTATGG R: GCGACACCTGAGCTGTAACATCAC |
NQO1 | NM_001277619.1 | F: ACCATCTCTGACCTCTACGCCATA R: GCCGCTTCAATCTTCTTCTGCTC |
HO-1 | NM_205344.2 | F: AGTGAGAGGACAAGCAGGATG R: CGACTGTGGTGGCGATGAA |
GCLC | XM_046915268.1 | F: AGGCTATGTGTCCGATATTGATTG R: TGGTTGTTCTTCAGTGGCTCTA |
GCLM | NM_001007953.2 | F: GCTCAGTTAGATTCGGTCATTATTG R: AAGGTCAGAGGTGCCTATGG |
GPX1 | NM_001277853.2 | F: CAAAGTGCTGCTGGTGGTCAAC R: TTGGTGGCGTTCTCCTGGTG |
GPX3 | NM_001163232.2 | F: TGGCAGAGGAGTTCGGCAAC R: CGTTCTTGACAGTGGCGATGTT |
IκBα | GR480730.1 | F: GTGAGCTTGGTCTGTCGTGT R: TTCATAACTCAGGCCCGCTG |
NF-κB p65 | NM_001396038.1 | F: TGAAGAAACGGGAACTGGAAG R: GGCACGGTTGTCATAGATGG |
TNF-α | NM_204267.2 | F: GGACAGCCTATGCCAACAAG R: ACCACACGACAGCCAAGT |
IFN-γ | NM_205427.1 | F: GCAACCTTCACCTCACCATC R: CGCTGTAATCGTTGTCTTGGA |
IL-1β | NM_204524.2 | F: GAAGAAGCCTCGCCTGGAT R: TCCGCAGCAGTTTGGTCAT |
IL-2 | AJ224516.1 | F: GCTAACTAACCTGCTGTCCATT R: CCGTAGGGCTTACAGAAAGGA |
IL-4 | NM_001007079.2 | F: TGACATCCAGGGAGAGGTTTC R: GCAGGTTCTTGTGGCAGTG |
IL-6 | NM_204628.2 | F: CCTCCTCGCCAATCTGAAGT R: GCACTGAAACTCCTGGTCTTT |
IL-10 | NM_001004414.4 | F: TGTCACCGCTTCTTCACCT R: TCACTTCCTCCTCCTCATCAG |
TFR1 | NM_205256.2 | F: AGTTATCGTGGACGAATCGAGC R: ATGACAGGCGGTCCTTGAAT |
Fpn1 | NM_001012913.2 | F: CCACAGCGATCACAATTCAGAGG R: CGACATCAGGTTCCAGCCAGAA |
ACSL4 | XM_046917349.1 | F: CCGGCAACGTTATCTCCTCC R: GCCTTCTCGCTGTCCTGTAG |
SLC7A11 | XM_426289.7 | F: CTGTCGTGACGGTGCCTAA R: CCAATGATAGTGCCAATGATGATG |
GPX4 | NM_204220.3 | F: GAATGTGCGCTCAGGCG R: R: ACCGCGGTCTTTCCTCATTT |
PTGS2 | NM_001167718.2 | F: TGGTGAGACTCTGGAGAGGCAACT R: GCCAAACACCTCCTGCCCAACA |
Bcl-2 | NM 205339.3 | F: GATGACCGAGTACCTGAACC R: CAGGAGAAATCGAACAAAGGC |
Bax | XM 040693909.1 | F: ACTCTGCTGCTGCTCTCCTCTC R: ATCCACGCAGTGCCAGATGTAATC |
Caspase-3 | NM 204725.2 | F: CCACCGAGATACCGGACTGT R: AACTGCTTCGCTTGCTGTGA |
Caspase-9 | XM 040689238.1 | F: GTGTACCAGCTGCGAGCAGACC R: GCTTTGAGGTTCCGCAGGGTC |
Items 1 | Group 2 | SEM 3 | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TN | HS | HS + PT | ANOVA | TN vs. HS | HS vs. HS + PT | TN vs. HS + PT | ||
TP, g/L | 22.11 | 21.31 | 23.34 | 0.79 | 0.23 | 0.490 | 0.098 | 0.294 |
ALB, g/L | 13.19 a | 10.40 b | 11.55 ab | 0.79 | 0.087 | 0.031 | 0.325 | 0.173 |
AST, U/L | 28.27 | 30.30 | 29.12 | 1.71 | 0.71 | 0.423 | 0.640 | 0.732 |
ALT, U/L | 2.26 | 2.41 | 2.27 | 0.18 | 0.82 | 0.580 | 0.600 | 0.976 |
Items 1 | Group 2 | SEM 3 | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TN | HS | HS+PT | ANOVA | TN vs. HS | HS vs. HS + PT | TN vs. HS + PT | ||
T-AOC, mmol/mg protein | 0.76 | 0.70 | 0.69 | 0.03 | 0.196 | 0.147 | 0.821 | 0.101 |
CAT, U/mg protein | 284.25 a | 237.84 b | 246.45 b | 4.55 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.210 | <0.001 |
T-SOD, U/mg protein | 80.71 a | 72.87 b | 75.54 ab | 3.30 | 0.096 | 0.037 | 0.432 | 0.144 |
MDA, mmol/mg protein | 2.95 b | 5.81 a | 6.66 a | 0.79 | 0.194 | 0.029 | 0.467 | 0.008 |
GST, U/mg protein | 173.78 a | 119.03 c | 144.13 b | 6.54 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.022 | 0.009 |
GSH-Px, U/mg protein | 114.04 a | 70.36 c | 92.31 b | 6.15 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.030 | 0.032 |
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Share and Cite
Zhao, Z.-X.; Yuan, Y.-M.; Zhao, Z.-H.; Yao, Q.-H.; Ye, X.-Q.; Wang, Y.-Y.; Liu, H.-M.; Jha, R.; Balasubramanian, B.; Liu, W.-C. Phlorotannin Alleviates Liver Injury by Regulating Redox Balance, Apoptosis, and Ferroptosis of Broilers under Heat Stress. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 1048. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091048
Zhao Z-X, Yuan Y-M, Zhao Z-H, Yao Q-H, Ye X-Q, Wang Y-Y, Liu H-M, Jha R, Balasubramanian B, Liu W-C. Phlorotannin Alleviates Liver Injury by Regulating Redox Balance, Apoptosis, and Ferroptosis of Broilers under Heat Stress. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(9):1048. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091048
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Zhong-Xiang, Yue-Ming Yuan, Zhi-Hui Zhao, Qing-Hua Yao, Xue-Qing Ye, Yao-Yao Wang, Hui-Mei Liu, Rajesh Jha, Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian, and Wen-Chao Liu. 2024. "Phlorotannin Alleviates Liver Injury by Regulating Redox Balance, Apoptosis, and Ferroptosis of Broilers under Heat Stress" Antioxidants 13, no. 9: 1048. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091048