Enhancing Wound Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Effects by Combination of CIGB-258 and Apolipoprotein A-I against Carboxymethyllysine Toxicity in Zebrafish: Insights into Structural Stabilization and Antioxidant Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Isolation of High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
2.2. Isolation Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I)
2.3. Preparation of apoA-I and CIGB-258 Mixture
2.4. Oxidation of HDL
2.5. Transmission Electron Microscopic (TEM) Examination of HDL
2.6. Ferrous Ion Reduction Ability
2.7. Zebrafish Maintenance
2.8. Wound Healing Activity
2.9. Visual Observation and Histological Analysis
2.10. Carboxymethyllysine (CML) Induced Acute Inflammation in Zebrafish
2.11. Blood Analysis and Tissue Collection
2.12. Histological and Immunohistochemical Analysis (IHC)
2.13. Dihydroethidium (DHE) and Acridine Orange (AO) Fluorescent Staining
2.14. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Higher Content of CIGB-258 More Protected HDL2 from Oxidation
3.2. Recovery of HDL2 Particle Morphology and Antioxidant Ability
3.3. The Higher CIGB-258 Content the More Protection of HDL3 from the Oxidation
3.4. Morphological Change of HDL3 by Oxidation and Prevention
3.5. Protection of apoA-I and Enhancement of Antioxidant Activity by Co-Presence of CIGB-258
3.6. Enhanced Wound-Healing Activity by an Increase of CIGB-258
3.7. Histological Analysis of the Wounded Area
3.8. Synergistic Anti-Inflammatory Activity of apoA-I and CIGB-258
3.9. Histological Examination of Hepatic Tissue
3.10. Production of Interleukin (IL)-6 in Liver
3.11. Extent of Fatty Liver Change, Apoptosis, and ROS Production
3.12. Histological Analysis of Kidney
3.13. Change of Plasma Lipid Profile
3.14. Change of Plasma Hepatic Enzyme Levels
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cho, K.-H.; Lee, Y.; Lee, S.H.; Kim, J.-E.; Bahuguna, A.; Dominguez-Horta, M.d.C.; Martinez-Donato, G. Enhancing Wound Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Effects by Combination of CIGB-258 and Apolipoprotein A-I against Carboxymethyllysine Toxicity in Zebrafish: Insights into Structural Stabilization and Antioxidant Properties. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 1049. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091049
Cho K-H, Lee Y, Lee SH, Kim J-E, Bahuguna A, Dominguez-Horta MdC, Martinez-Donato G. Enhancing Wound Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Effects by Combination of CIGB-258 and Apolipoprotein A-I against Carboxymethyllysine Toxicity in Zebrafish: Insights into Structural Stabilization and Antioxidant Properties. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(9):1049. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091049
Chicago/Turabian StyleCho, Kyung-Hyun, Yunki Lee, Sang Hyuk Lee, Ji-Eun Kim, Ashutosh Bahuguna, Maria del Carmen Dominguez-Horta, and Gillian Martinez-Donato. 2024. "Enhancing Wound Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Effects by Combination of CIGB-258 and Apolipoprotein A-I against Carboxymethyllysine Toxicity in Zebrafish: Insights into Structural Stabilization and Antioxidant Properties" Antioxidants 13, no. 9: 1049. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091049