Gut Microbiota-Derived Trimethylamine Promotes Inflammation with a Potential Impact on Epigenetic and Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Caco-2 Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Culture
2.2. Cell Viability Assay
2.3. Treatments
2.4. Assessment of DNMT and SIRT Activities after Exposure to TMA
2.5. MtDNAcn Quantification
2.6. MtDNA Methylation
2.7. Gene Expression Analysis
2.8. ATP Quantification
2.9. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential
2.10. Permeability Assay
2.11. Statistics Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Cell Viability
3.2. Expression Levels of Pro-Inflammatory Genes
3.3. Expression Levels of DNMTs and SIRTs
3.4. DNMT and SIRT Enzymatic Activity
3.5. mtDNA Quantification and Methylation
3.6. Expression of Mitochondrial Genes
3.7. ATP Quantification
3.8. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential
3.9. Assessment of the Intestinal Permeability
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Bordoni, L.; Petracci, I.; Feliziani, G.; de Simone, G.; Rucci, C.; Gabbianelli, R. Gut Microbiota-Derived Trimethylamine Promotes Inflammation with a Potential Impact on Epigenetic and Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Caco-2 Cells. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091061
Bordoni L, Petracci I, Feliziani G, de Simone G, Rucci C, Gabbianelli R. Gut Microbiota-Derived Trimethylamine Promotes Inflammation with a Potential Impact on Epigenetic and Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Caco-2 Cells. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(9):1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091061
Chicago/Turabian StyleBordoni, Laura, Irene Petracci, Giulia Feliziani, Gaia de Simone, Chiara Rucci, and Rosita Gabbianelli. 2024. "Gut Microbiota-Derived Trimethylamine Promotes Inflammation with a Potential Impact on Epigenetic and Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Caco-2 Cells" Antioxidants 13, no. 9: 1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091061