Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activities of 30 Tea Infusions from Green, Black, Oolong, White, Yellow and Dark Teas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Detection of Antioxidant Capacity and Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
2.4. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Antioxidant Capacities of Tea Infusions
3.2. Total Phenolic Content of Tea Infusions
3.3. Correlations between Values of Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), and TPC
3.4. Phenolic Profiles of Tea Infusions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Pastoriza, S.; Perez-Burillo, S.; Angel Rufian-Henares, J. How brewing parameters affect the healthy profile of tea. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2017, 14, 7–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, F.; Lin, H.; Zhang, S.; Lin, Y.; Yang, J.; Ye, N. Simultaneous determination of caffeine and some selected polyphenols in Wuyi Rock Tea by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2014, 62, 2772–2781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Samavat, H.; Newman, A.R.; Wang, R.W.; Yuan, J.M.; Wu, A.H.; Kurzer, M.S. Effects of green tea catechin extract on serum lipids in postmenopausal women: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2016, 104, 1671–1682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, I.J.; Liu, C.Y.; Chiu, J.P.; Hsu, C.H. Therapeutic effect of high-dose green tea extract on weight reduction: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin. Nutr. 2016, 35, 592–599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ide, K.; Yamada, H.; Takuma, N.; Park, M.; Wakamiya, N.; Nakase, J.; Ukawa, Y.; Sagesaka, Y.M. Green tea consumption affects cognitive dysfunction in the elderly: A pilot study. Nutrients 2014, 6, 4032–4042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Takahashi, M.; Miyashita, M.; Suzuki, K.; Bae, S.; Kim, H.K.; Wakisaka, T.; Matsui, Y.; Takeshita, M.; Yasunaga, K. Acute ingestion of catechin-rich green tea improves postprandial glucose status and increases serum thioredoxin concentrations in postmenopausal women. Br. J. Nutr. 2014, 112, 1542–1550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Li, S.; Gan, L.Q.; Li, S.K.; Zheng, J.C.; Xu, D.P.; Li, H.B. Effects of herbal infusions, tea and carbonated beverages on alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. Food Funct. 2014, 5, 42–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, F.; Li, S.; Li, H.B.; Deng, G.F.; Ling, W.H.; Xu, X.R. Antiproliferative activities of tea and herbal infusions. Food Funct. 2013, 4, 530–538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, H.S.; Quon, M.J.; Kim, J.A. New insights into the mechanisms of polyphenols beyond antioxidant properties; lessons from the green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin 3-gallate. Redox Biol. 2014, 2, 187–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lv, H.P.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, J.; Lin, Z. Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of Chinese dark teas obtained by different processing technologies. Food Res. Int. 2017, 100, 486–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, C.; Suen, C.; Yang, C.; Quek, S.Y. Antioxidant capacity and major polyphenol composition of teas as affected by geographical location, plantation elevation and leaf grade. Food Chem. 2018, 244, 109–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Y.T.; Li, Q.; Xing, H.; Lu, X.F.; Zhao, L.S.; Qu, K.K.; Bi, K.S. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of ten compounds in different tea samples by means of an on-line HPLC-DPPH assay. Food Res. Int. 2013, 53, 847–856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Atoui, A.K.; Mansouri, A.; Boskou, G.; Kefalas, P. Tea and herbal infusions: Their antioxidant activity and phenolic profile. Food Chem. 2005, 89, 27–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.M.; Wang, C.F.; Shen, S.M.; Wang, G.L.; Liu, P.; Liu, Z.M.; Wang, Y.Y.; Du, S.S.; Liu, Z.L.; Deng, Z.W. Antioxidant phenolic compounds from Pu-erh Tea. Molecules 2012, 17, 14037–14045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jeszka-Skowron, M.; Krawczyk, M.; Zgola-Grzeskowiak, A. Determination of antioxidant activity, rutin, quercetin, phenolic acids and trace elements in tea infusions: Influence of citric acid addition on extraction of metals. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2015, 40, 4070–4077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, J.; Liu, R.H. The phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity in different types of tea. Int. J. Food Sci. Tech. 2013, 48, 163–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghiselli, A.; Serafini, M.; Natella, F.; Scaccini, C. Total antioxidant capacity as a tool to assess redox status: Critical view and experimental data. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2000, 29, 1106–1114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fernandez-Panchon, M.S.; Villano, D.; Troncoso, A.M.; Garcia-Parrilla, M.C. Antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds: From in vitro results to in vivo evidence. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. 2008, 48, 649–671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, G.Y.; Zhao, C.N.; Xu, X.Y.; Gan, R.Y.; Cao, S.Y.; Liu, Q.; Shang, A.; Mao, Q.Q.; Li, H.B. Phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of 30 Chinese teas. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benzie, I.F.F.; Strain, J.J. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “Antioxidant power”: The FRAP assay. Anal. Biochem. 1996, 239, 70–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Re, R.; Pellegrini, N.; Proteggente, A.; Pannala, A.; Yang, M.; Rice-Evans, C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1999, 26, 1231–1237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singleton, V.L.; Orthofer, R.; Lamuela-Raventos, R.M. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. In Oxidants and Antioxidants; Packer, L., Ed.; Elsevier Academic Press Inc.: San Diego, CA, USA, 1999; Volume 299, pp. 152–178. [Google Scholar]
- Cai, Y.; Luo, Q.; Sun, M.; Corke, H. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer. Life Sci. 2004, 74, 2157–2184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xu, D.P.; Li, Y.; Meng, X.; Zhou, T.; Zhou, Y.; Zheng, J.; Zhang, J.J.; Li, H.B. Natural antioxidants in foods and medicinal plants: Extraction, assessment and resources. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, Q.; Tang, G.Y.; Zhao, C.N.; Gan, R.Y.; Li, H.B. Antioxidant activities, phenolic profiles, and organic acid contents of fruit vinegars. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Higdon, J.V.; Frei, B. Tea catechins and polyphenols: Health effects, metabolism, and antioxidant functions. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2003, 43, 89–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhao, C.N.; Tang, G.Y.; Liu, Q.; Xu, X.Y.; Cao, S.Y.; Gan, R.Y.; Zhang, K.Y.; Meng, S.L.; Li, H.B. Five-Golden-Flowers Tea: Green extraction and hepatoprotective effect against oxidative damage. Molecules 2018, 23, 2216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhao, C.N.; Zhang, J.J.; Li, Y.; Meng, X.; Li, H.B. Microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Melastoma sanguineum fruit: Optimization and identification. Molecules 2018, 23, 2498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, S.; Li, S.K.; Gan, R.Y.; Song, F.L.; Kuang, L.; Li, H.B. Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents of infusions from 223 medicinal plants. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2013, 51, 289–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, Y.J.; Deng, G.F.; Xu, X.R.; Wu, S.; Li, S.; Xia, E.Q.; Li, F.; Chen, F.; Ling, W.H.; Li, H.B. Antioxidant capacities, phenolic compounds and polysaccharide contents of 49 edible macro-fungi. Food Funct. 2012, 3, 1195–1205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, Y.S.; Tsai, Y.J.; Tsay, J.S.; Lin, J.K. Factors affecting the levels of tea polyphenols and caffeine in tea leaves. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 1864–1873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carloni, P.; Tiano, L.; Padella, L.; Bacchetti, T.; Customu, C.; Kay, A.; Damiani, E. Antioxidant activity of white, green and black tea obtained from the same tea cultivar. Food Res. Int. 2013, 53, 900–908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Senanayake, S. Green tea extract: Chemistry, antioxidant properties and food applications—A review. J. Funct. Foods 2013, 5, 1529–1541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Unachukwu, U.J.; Ahmed, S.; Kavalier, A.; Lyles, J.T.; Kennelly, E.J. White and green teas (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis): Variation in phenolic, methylxanthine, and antioxidant profiles. J. Food Sci. 2010, 75, C541–C548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhou, Y.; Zheng, J.; Li, Y.; Xu, D.; Li, S.; Chen, Y.; Li, H. Natural polyphenols for prevention and treatment of cancer. Nutrients 2016, 8, 515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, A.; Li, S.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, X.; Chen, Y.; Li, H. Resources and biological activities of natural polyphenols. Nutrients 2014, 6, 6020–6047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dreosti, I.E. Antioxidant polyphenols in tea, cocoa, and wine. Nutrition 2000, 16, 692–694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siddiqui, I.A.; Afaq, F.; Adhami, V.M.; Ahmad, N.; Mukhtar, H. Antioxidants of the beverage tea in promotion of human health. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2004, 6, 571–582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gan, R.Y.; Li, H.B.; Sui, Z.Q.; Corke, H. Absorption, metabolism, anti-cancer effect and molecular targets of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG): An updated review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. 2018, 58, 924–941. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Q.; Zhang, Y.J.; Yang, C.R.; Xu, M. Phenolic antioxidants from green tea produced from Camellia crassicolumna var. multiplex. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 586–590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peluso, I.; Serafini, M. Antioxidants from black and green tea: From dietary modulation of oxidative stress to pharmacological mechanisms. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2017, 174, 1195–1208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leung, L.K.; Su, Y.L.; Chen, R.Y.; Zhang, Z.H.; Huang, Y.; Chen, Z.Y. Theaflavins in black tea and catechins in green tea are equally effective antioxidants. J. Nutr. 2001, 131, 2248–2251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yoneshiro, T.; Matsushita, M.; Hibi, M.; Tone, H.; Takeshita, M.; Yasunaga, K.; Katsuragi, Y.; Kameya, T.; Sugie, H.; Saito, M. Tea catechin and caffeine activate brown adipose tissue and increase cold-induced thermogenic capacity in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2017, 105, 873–881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Westerterp-Plantenga, M.S.; Lejeune, M.; Kovacs, E. Body weight loss and weight maintenance in relation to habitual caffeine intake and green tea supplementation. Obes. Res. 2005, 13, 1195–1204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Davis, J.M.; Zhao, Z.W.; Stock, H.S.; Mehl, K.A.; Buggy, J.; Hand, G.A. Central nervous system effects of caffeine and adenosine on fatigue. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2003, 284, R399–R404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
No. | Name | Category | Place of Production | FRAP (µmol Fe2+/g DW) | TEAC (µmol Trolox/g DW) | TPC (mg GAE/g DW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Dianhong Congou Black Tea | Black Tea | Kunming, Yunnan | 2670.13 ± 34.02 | 994.56 ± 12.64 | 101.29 ± 1.58 |
2 | Keemun Black Tea | Black Tea | Qimen, Anhui | 894.13 ± 20.13 | 739.88 ± 49.11 | 62.16 ± 0.99 |
3 | Lapsang Souchong Black Tea | Black Tea | Wuyishan, Fujian | 530.13 ± 23.44 | 471.17 ± 2.02 | 37.23 ± 0.28 |
4 | Yichang Congou Black Tea | Black Tea | Yichang, Hubei | 1039.47 ± 19.73 | 1034.29 ± 17.99 | 101.94 ± 4.14 |
5 | Fuzhuan Brick Tea | Dark Tea | Anhua, Hubei | 2516.80 ± 76.32 | 1173.49 ± 12.85 | 147.11 ± 2.59 |
6 | Liupao Tea | Dark Tea | Wuzhou, Guangxi | 1382.13 ± 62.01 | 932.64 ± 13.27 | 90.55 ± 2.46 |
7 | Pu-erh Tea | Dark Tea | Pu’er, Yunnan | 1787.47 ± 42.39 | 727.02 ± 33.68 | 76.08 ± 2.06 |
8 | Qingzhuan Brick tea | Dark Tea | Chibi, Hubei | 1170.13 ± 25.72 | 580.49 ± 5.88 | 68.65 ± 0.98 |
9 | Tibetan Tea | Dark Tea | Ya’an, Sichuan | 504.80 ± 17.44 | 166.29 ± 24.48 | 24.77 ± 2.02 |
10 | Dianqing Tea | Green Tea | Kunming, Yunnan | 4647.47 ± 57.87 | 2532.41 ± 50.18 | 252.65 ± 4.74 |
11 | Dongting Biluochun Tea | Green Tea | Suzhou, Jiangsu | 3788.80 ± 80.30 | 1889.22 ± 12.33 | 218.38 ± 4.00 |
12 | Duyun Maojian Tea | Green Tea | Duyun, Guizhou | 3771.47 ± 25.40 | 1880.54 ± 45.15 | 218.55 ± 3.90 |
13 | Enshi Yulu Tea | Green Tea | Enshi, Hubei | 3074.13 ± 26.03 | 1641.77 ± 10.47 | 174.10 ± 1.88 |
14 | Lu’an Guapian Tea | Green Tea | Lu’an, Anhui | 2824.80 ± 107.63 | 1498.51 ± 17.93 | 148.16 ± 2.72 |
15 | Lushan Yunwu Tea | Green Tea | Jiujiang, Jiangxi | 4099.47 ± 105.10 | 2353.21 ± 50.68 | 235.27 ± 7.28 |
16 | Taiping Houkui Tea | Green Tea | Huangshan, Anhui | 3250.13 ± 96.03 | 1662.39 ± 29.54 | 176.53 ± 4.97 |
17 | Xihu Longjing Tea | Green Tea | Hangzhou, Zhejiang | 3872.80 ± 38.16 | 1935.89 ± 26.32 | 218.46 ± 8.82 |
18 | Yongxi Huoqing Tea | Green Tea | Jingxian, Anhui | 3640.80 ± 89.08 | 1850.15 ± 17.93 | 204.32 ± 3.94 |
19 | Fenghuang Shuixian Tea | Oolong Tea | Chao’an, Guangdong | 1531.47 ± 38.85 | 1487.58 ± 21.42 | 150.10 ± 0.56 |
20 | Luohan Chenxiang Tea | Oolong Tea | Mengdingshan, Sichuan | 1055.47 ± 30.02 | 1207.19 ± 23.34 | 102.83 ± 2.76 |
21 | Tieguanyin Tea | Oolong Tea | Anxi, Fujian | 1567.47 ± 50.01 | 1084.52 ± 17.64 | 86.83 ± 0.61 |
22 | Wuyi Rock Tea | Oolong Tea | Wuyishan, Fujian | 2002.13 ± 47.72 | 1065.83 ± 15.80 | 95.88 ± 2.31 |
23 | Gongmei White Tea | White Tea | Nanping, Fujian | 1271.47 ± 29.48 | 620.10 ± 24.56 | 75.92 ± 1.46 |
24 | Shoumei White Tea | White Tea | Nanping, Fujian | 911.47 ± 44.06 | 381.3 ± 18.701 | 51.92 ± 0.56 |
25 | White Peony Tea | White Tea | Nanping, Fujian | 1299.47 ± 40.07 | 904.85 ± 24.58 | 77.29 ± 2.33 |
26 | Huoshan Large Yellow Tea | Yellow Tea | Lu’an, Anhui | 2975.47 ± 85.54 | 1304.76 ± 29.66 | 150.99 ± 1.79 |
27 | Junshan Yinzhen Tea | Yellow Tea | Yueyang, Hunan | 3292.80 ± 24.33 | 1589.95 ± 51.41 | 192.69 ± 0.74 |
28 | Mengding Huangya Tea | Yellow Tea | Mengdingshan, Sichuan | 3590.13 ± 54.60 | 1621.63 ± 7.07 | 183.31 ± 2.66 |
29 | Weishan Maojian Tea | Yellow Tea | Ningxiang, Hunan | 3967.47 ± 87.76 | 1761.96 ± 30.56 | 213.05 ± 1.61 |
30 | Yu’an Luyuan Tea | Yellow Tea | Yichang, Hubei | 4088.80 ± 118.39 | 1835.52 ± 19.60 | 220.08 ± 1.75 |
Name | Catechin (mg/g DW) | Epicatechin (mg/g DW) | Gallocatechin (mg/g DW) | Epigallocatechin (mg/g DW) | Catechin gallate (mg/g DW) | Epicatechin gallate (mg/g DW) | Gallocatechin Gallate (mg/g DW) | Epigallocatechin Gallate (mg/g DW) | ||
Dianhong Congou Black Tea | - | 1.33 ± 0.16 k,l | - | - | - | 2.72 ± 0.20 h,i | - | - | ||
Keemun Black Tea | - | 0.45 ± 0.04 l | - | - | - | 1.12 ± 0.09 j | - | 1.34 ± 0.15 f | ||
Lapsang Souchong Black Tea | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Yichang Congou Black Tea | - | - | - | - | - | 2.69 ± 0.27 h,i | - | 2.15 ± 0.15 f | ||
Fuzhuan Brick Tea | 3.22 ± 0.16 b | 9.60 ± 0.77 b,c | 5.78 ± 0.38 e,f,g | 17.24 ± 1.58 g,h,i,j | - | 10.92 ± 0.78 e | 1.61 ± 0.20 i | 9.56 ± 0.44 d,e,f | ||
Liupao Tea | 1.36 ± 0.13 c | 3.76 ± 0.29 i,j | 3.12 ± 0.27 h | 3.70 ± 0.26 l | - | - | - | - | ||
Pu-erh Tea | - | 0.83 ± 0.05 k,l | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Qingzhuan Brick tea | - | 3.29 ± 0.20 j | 2.48 ± 0.14 h | 19.9 ± 1.82 g,h,i,j | - | - | 1.46 ± 0.12 i | 3.72 ± 0.26 f | ||
Tibetan Tea | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.99 ± 0.09 f | ||
Dianqing Tea | 4.54 ± 0.34 a | 5.83 ± 0.56 f,g,h | 3.27 ± 0.24 h | 13.44 ± 1.07 j,k | 0.71 ± 0.10 c | 30.29 ± 2.87 a | 4.37 ± 0.47 g,h | 55.38 ± 5.57 a | ||
Dongting Biluochun Tea | - | 7.05 ± 0.71 e,f,g | 5.34 ± 0.40 e,f,g | 37.42 ± 2.54 e | 0.99 ± 0.08 b | 32.12 ± 3.11 a | 5.04 ± 0.46 f,g | 52.38 ± 4.86 a | ||
Duyun Maojian Tea | - | 9.13 ± 0.65 b,c,d | 6.28 ± 0.13 d,e,f | 47.86 ± 4.45 d | - | 22.56 ± 2.26 c,d | 7.24 ± 0.61 c,d | 56.12 ± 4.67 a | ||
Enshi Yulu Tea | 3.51 ± 0.26 b | 6.98 ± 0.51 e,f,g | 5.10 ± 0.12 f,g | 34.59 ± 3.05 e,f | 1.01 ± 0.08 b | 18.5 ± 1.62 d | 6.15 ± 0.41 c,d,e,f | 35.01 ± 3.16 c | ||
Lu’an Guapian Tea | - | 7.44 ± 0.77 d,e,f | 9.78 ± 0.42 a | 91.62 ± 6.25 a | - | 7.33 ± 0.69 e,f,g,h | 5.10 ± 0.45 f,g | 34.36 ± 2.56 c | ||
Lushan Yunwu Tea | - | 9.04 ± 0.50 b,c,d | 6.37 ± 0.26 d,e | 62.56 ± 3.83 c | 0.54 ± 0.05 c | 19.08 ± 1.46 d | 7.00 ± 0.83 c,d,e | 57.56 ± 5.54 a | ||
Taiping Houkui Tea | - | 10.59 ± 0.95 a,b | 8.88 ± 0.47 a,b | 72.73 ± 4.73 b | - | 9.03 ± 1.06 e,f | 5.44 ± 0.42 d,e,f,g | 40.89 ± 3.76 c | ||
Xihu Longjing Tea | - | 7.10 ± 0.26 e,f,g | 5.85 ± 0.47 e,f,g | 25.58 ± 1.70 f,g,h,i | 1.46 ± 0.13 a | 24.51 ± 1.85 b,c | 9.11 ± 1.10 b | 51.85 ± 4.04 a,b | ||
Yongxi Huoqing Tea | - | 8.56 ± 0.46 c,d,e | 4.84 ± 0.38 g | 21.44 ± 1.62 g,h,i,j | 0.53 ± 0.07 c | 20.79 ± 1.54 c,d | 5.38 ± 0.51 e,f,g | 52.77 ± 3.58 a | ||
Fenghuang Shuixian Tea | - | 2.45 ± 0.20 j,k | 3.16 ± 0.32 h | 16.22 ± 1.06 i,j,k | - | 7.57 ± 0.51 e,f,g | 3.01 ± 0.31 h,i | 34.74 ± 3.17 c | ||
Luohan Chenxiang Tea | - | 5.73 ± 0.54 f,g,h | 9.15 ± 0.80 a,b | 73.97 ± 7.25 b | - | 3.08 ± 0.34 g,h,i,j | 2.69 ± 0.21 h,i | 17.08 ± 1.62 d | ||
Tieguanyin Tea | - | 9.19 ± 0.87 b,c | 7.12 ± 0.53 c,d | 71.62 ± 3.77 b,c | - | 3.08 ± 0.40 g,h,i,j | 1.56 ± 0.17 i | 10.34 ± 0.56 d,e,f | ||
Wuyi Rock Tea | - | 3.30 ± 0.22 j | 7.91 ± 0.53 b,c | 26.28 ± 2.10 f,g,h | - | 3.51 ± 0.38 g,h,i,j | 2.69 ± 0.23 h,i | 14.01 ± 1.06 d,e | ||
Gongmei White Tea | - | 1.07 ± 0.08 k,l | - | 6.69 ± 0.59 k,l | - | 2.37 ± 0.22 i,j | - | 4.93 ± 0.54 e,f | ||
Shoumei White Tea | - | 0.83 ± 0.07 k,l | - | - | - | - | - | 2.11 ± 0.13 f | ||
White Peony Tea | - | 1.35 ± 0.13 k,l | - | - | - | 2.67 ± 0.22 h,i,j | - | 5.35 ± 0.58 e,f | ||
Huoshan Large Yellow Tea | - | 2.44 ± 0.29 j,k | 9.76 ± 0.62 a | 12.12 ± 0.93 j,k,l | - | 6.21 ± 0.53 f,g,h,i | 13.10 ± 1.17 a | 18.55 ± 2.50 d | ||
Junshan Yinzhen Tea | 0.95 ± 0.06 c | 5.46 ± 0.49 g,h,i | 3.33 ± 0.32 h | 11.96 ± 0.62 j,k,l | - | 24.03 ± 2.18 b,c | 6.77 ± 0.53 c,d,e,f | 42.38 ± 4.32 b,c | ||
Mengding Huangya Tea | - | 5.17 ± 0.56 h,i | 3.55 ± 0.16 h | 17.07 ± 1.54 h,i,j | 1.10 ± 0.09 b | 21.99 ± 1.56 c,d | - | 37.83 ± 3.06 c | ||
Weishan Maojian Tea | 3.05 ± 0.11 b | 12.06 ± 1.17 a | 5.03 ± 0.26 g | 39.23 ± 2.21 d,e | - | 28.68 ± 2.60 a,b | - | 38.89 ± 4.16 c | ||
Yuan’an Luyuan Tea | - | 6.53 ± 0.59 f,g,h | 5.65 ± 0.40 e,f,g | 26.61 ± 1.25 f,g | - | 21.38 ± 1.53 c,d | 7.32 ± 0.91 c | 54.38 ± 4.73 a | ||
Name | Gallic Acid (mg/g DW) | Ellagic Acid (mg/g DW) | Quercitrin (mg/g DW) | Astragalin (mg/g DW) | Quercetin (mg/g DW) | Kaempferol (mg/g DW) | Chlorogenic Acid (mg/g DW) | Myricetin (mg/g DW) | Caffeine (mg/g DW) | Theaflavin (mg/g DW) |
Dianhong Congou Black Tea | 2.65 ± 0.17 c,d | 4.57 ± 0.41 c,d | - | 1.09 ± 0.16 c | - | - | - | - | 35.09 ± 3.62 b,c,d,e,f,g,h | 0.66 ± 0.06 a |
Keemun Black Tea | 2.87 ± 0.15 b,c,d | - | 0.65 ± 0.07 i | 0.89 ± 0.05 c,d,e | - | - | - | - | 25.07 ± 2.86 i,j,k | - |
Lapsang Souchong Black Tea | 1.88 ± 0.08 f,g,h | 2.11 ± 0.27 h | 0.81 ± 0.09 g,h,i | 0.60 ± 0.04 d,e,f | - | - | - | - | 21.09 ± 2.09 j,k,l,m | - |
Yichang Congou Black Tea | 3.77 ± 0.32 a | 2.78 ± 0.24 e,f,g,h | - | 3.54 ± 0.42 a | - | - | - | - | 39.55 ± 3.29 a,b,c,d,e | 0.70 ± 0.08 a |
Fuzhuan Brick Tea | 3.22 ± 0.22 b | 2.51 ± 0.14 e,f,g,h | 1.86 ± 0.19 b | 1.75 ± 0.16 b | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.19 ± 0.02 a | 0.35 ± 0.02 b,c | - | 27.8 ± 2.29 h,i,j | - |
Liupao Tea | 2.10 ± 0.19 f,g | 2.31 ± 0.27 f,g,h | 0.79 ± 0.04 g,h,i | - | - | - | - | - | 30.98 ± 2.79 e,f,g,h,i | - |
Pu-erh Tea | 1.23 ± 0.02 k,l,m | 2.61 ± 0.19 e,f,g,h | 0.74 ± 0.03 h,i | - | - | - | - | - | 26.58 ± 1.30 i,j,k | - |
Qingzhuan Brick tea | 2.85 ± 0.20 b,c,d | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 15.65 ± 1.37 m,n | - |
Tibetan Tea | 1.52 ± 0.12 h,i,j,k,l | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 16.32 ± 1.31 l,m,n | - |
Dianqing Tea | 1.77 ± 0.13 g,h,i | 7.77 ± 0.70 b | - | - | - | - | 0.49 ± 0.02 a | - | 38.01 ± 2.46 b,c,d,e,f | - |
Dongting Biluochun Tea | 1.03 ± 0.04 m | - | 1.15 ± 0.11 d,e,f,g | 1.02 ± 0.11 c,d | - | - | 0.29 ± 0.01 c,d,e | - | 32.45 ± 2.53 c,d,e,f,g,h,i | - |
Duyun Maojian Tea | 1.32 ± 0.08 j,k,l,m | 3.50 ± 0.26 d,e | 2.53 ± 0.19 a | - | - | - | - | - | 42.20 ± 3.83 a,b | - |
Enshi Yulu Tea | 1.80 ± 0.06 f,g,h | 3.52 ± 0.29 d,e | 1.08 ± 0.07 d,e,f,g,h | - | - | - | - | - | 38.14 ± 3.01 b,c,d,e,f | - |
Lu’an Guapian Tea | 0.45 ± 0.02 n | - | 1.01 ± 0.11 e,f,g,h,i | - | - | - | 0.33 ± 0.02 b,c | - | 28.74 ± 2.62 g,h,i,j | - |
Lushan Yunwu Tea | 1.24 ± 0.10 k,l,m | 3.12 ± 0.30 e,f,g,h | 2.76 ± 0.25 a | - | - | - | - | - | 47.46 ± 4.35 a | - |
Taiping Houkui Tea | 0.58 ± 0.07 n | 2.33 ± 0.22 f,g,h | 1.22 ± 0.15 d,e,f | 0.39 ± 0.02 f | - | - | 0.35 ± 0.03 b,c | - | 32.37 ± 3.17 c,d,e,f,g,h,i | - |
Xihu Longjing Tea | 1.63 ± 0.04 h,i,j,k | - | - | - | - | - | 0.39 ± 0.03 b | - | 36.65 ± 3.28 b,c,d,e,f,g | - |
Yongxi Huoqing Tea | 1.36 ± 0.03 i,j,k,l,m | 3.44 ± 0.20 d,e,f | - | - | - | - | 0.34 ± 0.03 b,c | - | 31.77 ± 2.50 c,d,e,f,g,h,i | - |
Fenghuang Shuixian Tea | 3.05 ± 0.14 b,c | 2.29 ± 0.16 g,h | 1.65 ± 0.12 b,c | 1.22 ± 0.06 c | - | - | 0.24 ± 0.01 d,e | - | 31.66 ± 1.97 d,e,f,g,h,i | - |
Luohan Chenxiang Tea | 0.59 ± 0.02 n | - | 1.28 ± 0.13 c,d,e | 0.63 ± 0.07 d,e,f | - | - | 0.30 ± 0.02 c,d | - | 24.88 ± 1.65 i,j,k | - |
Tieguanyin Tea | 0.29 ± 0.02 n | 2.15 ± 0.20 h | 0.95 ± 0.05 e,f,g,h,i | - | - | - | 0.23 ± 0.02 e | - | 12.36 ± 1.18 n | - |
Wuyi Rock Tea | 1.35 ± 0.08 i,j,k,l,m | 2.10 ± 0.20 h | - | - | - | - | - | - | 19.28 ± 1.26 k,l,m,n | - |
Gongmei White Tea | 2.57 ± 0.02 d,e | 2.30 ± 0.21 g,h | 0.89 ± 0.05 f,g,h,i | - | - | - | - | - | 27.54 ± 1.83 h,i,j,k | - |
Shoumei White Tea | 2.09 ± 0.07 f,g | - | - | 0.36 ± 0.05 f | - | - | - | - | 24.52 ± 2.18 i,j,k,l | - |
White Peony Tea | 2.71 ± 0.10 c,d | 2.35 ± 0.10 f,g,h | 0.94 ± 0.05 e,f,g,h,i | 0.50 ± 0.05 e,f | - | 0.17 ± 0.02 a | 0.26 ± 0.02 d,e | - | 30.64 ± 2.92 f,g,h,i | - |
Huoshan Large Yellow Tea | 3.16 ± 0.26 b | 2.39 ± 0.25 e,f,g,h | 0.89 ± 0.08 f,g,h,i | - | 0.01 ± 0.00 b | 0.19 ± 0.01 a | - | - | 32.51 ± 2.20 c,d,e,f,g,h,i | - |
Junshan Yinzhen Tea | 1.19 ± 0.06 l,m | 3.29 ± 0.13 e,f,g | 1.43 ± 0.14 c,d | - | - | - | 0.35 ± 0.02 b,c | - | 38.66 ± 2.50 b,c,d,e,f | - |
Mengding Huangya Tea | 2.22 ± 0.17 e,f | 9.79 ± 1.01 a | - | - | - | - | - | - | 35.61 ± 3.25 b,c,d,e,f,g,h | - |
Weishan Maojian Tea | 1.22 ± 0.04 k,l,m | 4.48 ± 0.45 c,d | - | - | - | - | 0.33 ± 0.01 b,c | - | 39.64 ± 2.89 a,b,c,d | - |
Yu’an Luyuan Tea | 1.73 ± 0.16 g,h,i,j | 4.77 ± 0.44 c | - | - | - | - | 0.34 ± 0.03 b,c | - | 40.22 ± 3.17 a,b,c | - |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhao, C.-N.; Tang, G.-Y.; Cao, S.-Y.; Xu, X.-Y.; Gan, R.-Y.; Liu, Q.; Mao, Q.-Q.; Shang, A.; Li, H.-B. Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activities of 30 Tea Infusions from Green, Black, Oolong, White, Yellow and Dark Teas. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8070215
Zhao C-N, Tang G-Y, Cao S-Y, Xu X-Y, Gan R-Y, Liu Q, Mao Q-Q, Shang A, Li H-B. Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activities of 30 Tea Infusions from Green, Black, Oolong, White, Yellow and Dark Teas. Antioxidants. 2019; 8(7):215. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8070215
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Cai-Ning, Guo-Yi Tang, Shi-Yu Cao, Xiao-Yu Xu, Ren-You Gan, Qing Liu, Qian-Qian Mao, Ao Shang, and Hua-Bin Li. 2019. "Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activities of 30 Tea Infusions from Green, Black, Oolong, White, Yellow and Dark Teas" Antioxidants 8, no. 7: 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8070215
APA StyleZhao, C. -N., Tang, G. -Y., Cao, S. -Y., Xu, X. -Y., Gan, R. -Y., Liu, Q., Mao, Q. -Q., Shang, A., & Li, H. -B. (2019). Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activities of 30 Tea Infusions from Green, Black, Oolong, White, Yellow and Dark Teas. Antioxidants, 8(7), 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8070215