Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Defatted Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) Berry Pomace Fractions Consecutively Recovered by Pressurized Ethanol and Water
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Cells
2.2. Proximate Analysis of Sea Buckthorn Pomace (SBP)
2.3. Sea Buckthorn Pomace Preparation and Extraction
2.4. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Antioxidant Capacity Evaluation Analysis
2.5. Analysis of Recovered Phytochemicals
2.5.1. HPLC-DPPH• Scavenging Online Analysis
2.5.2. Composition and Content of Phytochemicals (UPLC-QTOF-MS)
2.6. Cell Culture and Sample Preparation
2.7. Cytotoxicity Assay in Caco-2 Cell Monolayer
2.8. Cellular Antioxidant Activity (CAA) Assay
2.9. Antiproliferation Assay
2.10. Statistical Data Handling
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Proximate Analysis, Total Yield and Antioxidant Capacity of SBP Extracts
3.2. Composition and Content of Phytochemicals
3.3. Antiproliferative and Cytotoxic Effects of SBP Extracts
3.4. Cellular Antioxidant Activity of SBP Extracts
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Assay | Material | SBP-E | SBP-W |
---|---|---|---|
ORAC, μM TE/g | DWE | 294.1 ± 6.53 a | 371.8 ± 8.31 b |
DWP | 35.26 ± 2.41 a | 15.84 ± 0.75 b | |
ABTS•+, μM TE/g | DWE | 268.5 ± 7.10 a | 323.9 ± 10.33 b |
DWP | 32.19 ± 1.22 a | 13.80 ± 2.36 b | |
DPPH•, μM TE/g | DWE | 102.3 ± 4.31 a | 205.0 ± 6.62 b |
DWP | 12.27 ± 0.51 a | 8.73 ± 0.33 b | |
TPC, mg GAE/g | DWE | 65.61 ± 4.80 a | 98.10 ± 2.01 b |
DWP | 7.87 ± 0.31 a | 4.71 ± 0.43 b | |
Yields, % | 11.91 ± 0.03 a | 4.80 ± 0.19 b |
Peak No. | Compound | Abbrevation | Molecular Formula | tR (min) | m/z, [M − H]− | SBP-E | SBP-W | MS Fragments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Quinic acid a,d | QA | C7H12O6 | 0.3 | 191.0564 | + | + | 85; 93; 127; 173 |
2 | 7-(α-d-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyheptanoic acid b,c,d | - | C13H24O13 | 0.3 | 387.1145 | + | + | 179; 341 |
3 | Malic acid a,d | MA | C4H6O6 | 0.4 | 133.0144 | + | + | 89; 115; 133 |
4 | Citric acid a,d | CA | C6H8O7 | 0.5 | 191.0199 | − | + | 43; 71; 115 |
5 | Tanshinlactone derivative | TL | C17H12O3 | 0.5 | 263.0710 | + | + | 127; 153; 171; 217; 245 |
6 | (e)Gallocatechin-(e)Gallocatechin b,d | (e)GC-(e)GC | C30H26O14 | 0.7 | 609.1254 | − | + | 303; 305; 423; 441; 483; 591 |
7 | (e)Catechin-(e)Gallocatechin b,c,d | (e)C-(e)GC | C30H26O13 | 1.5 | 593.1295 | − | + | 289; 303; 407; 425; 467 285; 307; 429; 447 |
8 | (e)Catechin-(e)Catechin b,d | (e)C-(e)C | C30H26O12 | 1.7 | 577.1351 | + | + | 287; 289; 407; 425; 451 |
9 | Epigallocatechin a,b,d | EGC | C15H14O7 | 1.7 | 305.0665 | + | + | 137; 179; 287 |
10 | Unknown | - | C21H32O10 | 2.0 | 443.1919 | + | + | 153; 201 |
11 | Catechina,b,d | C | C15H14O6 | 2.1 | 289.0716 | + | + | 109; 125; 137;151; 165; 179; 245; 247; 271 |
12 | Unknown | - | C12H22O9 | 2.2 | 309.1190 | + | − | 97; 119; 161; 191; 263 |
13 | Unknown | - | C12H22O9 | 2.3 | 309.1193 | + | + | 97; 119; 161; 191; 263 |
14 | Epicatechin b,d | EC | C15H14O6 | 3.5 | 289.0719 | + | + | 109; 125; 137;151; 165; 179; 245; 247; 271 |
15 | Quercetin-3-sophorotrioside-7-rhamnoside b,c,d | Q-ST-Rha | C39H50O26 | 3.5 | 933.2503 | − | + | 301; 609; 771 |
16 | Quercetin-3-sophoroside-7-rhamnoside b,c,d | Q-3-S-7-Rha | C38H40O21 | 3.8 | 771.1991 | + | + | 301; 445; 625 |
17 | Unknown | - | C25H40O14 | 3.9 | 563.2342 | + | − | 191; 277; 517 |
18 | Penta-hexoside c,d | C17H32O12 | 4.0 | 427.1818 | + | + | 191; 249 | |
19 | Kaempferol-3-sophorotrioside-7-rhamnoside b,c,d | K-ST-Rha | C39H50O25 | 4.1 | 917.2557 | − | + | 285; 593; 755 |
20 | Kaempferol-3-sophoroside-7-rhamnoside b,c,d | K-3-S-7-Rha | C33H40O20 | 4.4 | 755.2044 | + | + | 285; 429; 609 |
21 | Isorhamnetin-3-sophoroside-7-rhamnoside b,c,d | I-3-S-7-Rha | C34H42O21 | 5.0 | 785.2147 | + | + | 315; 459; 639 |
22 | Kaempferol-3-glucoside-7-rhamnosideb,c,d | K-3-Gl-7-Rha | C27H30O15 | 7.4 | 593.1512 | + | − | 285 431; 477 |
23 | Rutin a,b,d | R | C27H30O16 | 7.4 | 609.1453 | + | − | 151; 179; 301; 463 |
24 | Q-3-hexoside b,c,d | - | C21H20O12 | 7.5 | 463.0890 | + | − | 151; 179; 301 |
25 | Isorhamnetin-glucoside-rhamnoside derivative b,c,d | I-Gl-Rha | C28H32O16 | 7.6 | 623.1619 | + | + | 315; 461; 477 |
26 | Isorhamnetin-glucoside-rhamnoside derivative b,c,d | I-Gl-Rha | C28H32O16 | 8.3 | 623.1623 | + | + | 315; 461; 477 |
27 | Isorhamnetin-3-glucoside b,c,d | I-3-Gl | C22H22O12 | 8.4 | 477.1040 | + | − | 285; 315 |
28 | Isorhamnetin a,b,d | IS | C16H12O7 | 10.7 | 315.0508 | + | + | 107; 151; 243; 300 |
No. | Compound | R1 | R2 | R3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
5 | Tanshinlactone | - | - | |
5 | Neo-tanshinlactone | - | - | |
15 | Q-3-ST-7-Rha | OH | ST | Rha |
16 | Q-3-S-7-Rha | OH | S | Rha |
19 | K-3-ST-7-Rha | H | ST | Rha |
20 | K-3-S-7-Rha | H | S | Rha |
21 | I-3-S-7-Rha | OCH3 | S | Rha |
22 | K-3-Gl-7-Rha | H | Gl | Rha |
23 | Rutin | OH | Rut | H |
25 | I-3-Gl-7-Rha | OCH3 | Gl | Rha |
25 | I-3-Gl-7-Rha | OCH3 | Gl | Rha |
27 | I-3-Gl | OCH3 | Gl | H |
28 | Isorhamnetin | OCH3 | H | H |
Peak No. | Compounds | SBP-W | SBP-E | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DWE | DWP | DWE | DWP | ||
1 | QA | 22020 ± 698.6 a | 1076 ± 9.82 * | 48839 ± 4331 b | 6111 ± 104.2 ‡ |
3 | MA | 28842 ± 35.30 a | 1402 ± 1.69 * | 22091 ± 70.83 b | 2648 ± 8.44 ‡ |
4 | CA | 138.4 ± 4.42 | 6.64 ± 0.21 | - | - |
5 | TL derivative g | 1906 ± 60.18 a | 91.52 ± 2.89 * | 515.9 ± 6.69 b | 61.45 ± 0.80 ‡ |
6 | (e)GC-(e)GC r | 43.94 ± 3.1 | 2.11 ± 0.49 | - | - |
7 | (e)C-(e)GC r | 118.0 ± 7.76 | 5.50 ± 0.40 | - | - |
8 | (e)C-(e)C r | 9.53 ± 0.62 a | 0.27 ± 0.03 * | 237.76 ± 4.92 b | 28.32 ± 0.59 ‡ |
9 | EGC | 400.5 ± 5.10 a | 19.23 ± 0.24 * | 238.8 ± 1.82 b | 28.44 ± 0.22 ‡ |
11 | C | 422.4 ± 10.16 a | 20.28 ± 1.18 * | 369.6 ± 17.67 b | 44.02 ± 2.10 ‡ |
14 | EC c | 150.8 ± 1.16 a | 6.76 ± 0.50 * | 123.2 ± 0.67 b | 14.67 ± 1.11 ‡ |
15 | Q-3-ST-7-Rha r | 149.9 ± 6.72 | 17.85 ± 0.80 | - | - |
16 | Q-3-S-7-Rha r | 646.7 ± 9.42 a | 31.04 ± 0.45 * | 1220 ± 39.53 b | 145.32 ± 4.71 ‡ |
19 | K-3-ST-7-Rha r | 64.39 ± 7.26 | 3.09 ± 0.35 | - | - |
20 | K-3-S-7-Rha r | 777.6 ± 14.13 a | 37.32 ± 0.68 * | 1739 ± 42.21 b | 207.2 ± 5.03 ‡ |
21 | I-3-S-7-Rha r | 520.9 ± 21.45 a | 25.00 ± 1.03 * | 1166 ± 26.80 b | 138.9 ± 3.19 ‡ |
22 | K-3-Gl-7-Rha r | - | - | 203.5 ± 5.42 | 24.24 ± 0.65 |
23 | R | - | - | 162.9 ± 7.44 | 19.41 ± 0.89 |
25 | I-Gl-Rha derivative r | 55.23 ± 3.75 a | 2.50 ± 0.29 * | 530.2 ± 10.76 b | 63.14 ± 1.28 ‡ |
26 | I-Gl-Rha derivative r | 145.2 ± 8.46 a | 6.66 ± 0.61 * | 539.4 ± 9.00 b | 64.24 ± 1.07 ‡ |
27 | I-3-Gl r | - | - | 139.8 ± 0.78 | 16.65 ± 0.09 |
28 | IS | 71.36 ± 0.64 a | 3.43 ± 0.03 * | 195.1 ± 4.12 b | 23.23 ± 0.49 ‡ |
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Dienaitė, L.; Pukalskas, A.; Pukalskienė, M.; Pereira, C.V.; Matias, A.A.; Venskutonis, P.R. Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Defatted Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) Berry Pomace Fractions Consecutively Recovered by Pressurized Ethanol and Water. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040274
Dienaitė L, Pukalskas A, Pukalskienė M, Pereira CV, Matias AA, Venskutonis PR. Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Defatted Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) Berry Pomace Fractions Consecutively Recovered by Pressurized Ethanol and Water. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(4):274. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040274
Chicago/Turabian StyleDienaitė, Lijana, Audrius Pukalskas, Milda Pukalskienė, Carolina V. Pereira, Ana A. Matias, and Petras Rimantas Venskutonis. 2020. "Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Defatted Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) Berry Pomace Fractions Consecutively Recovered by Pressurized Ethanol and Water" Antioxidants 9, no. 4: 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040274