Withanolide C Inhibits Proliferation of Breast Cancer Cells via Oxidative Stress-Mediated Apoptosis and DNA Damage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Culture
2.2. ATP and MTS Assays
2.3. Drug Information
2.4. Antibody Information
2.5. Cell Cycle Assay
2.6. Annexin V/7AAD Assay
2.7. ROS and Glutathione (GSH) Assays
2.8. Mitochondrial Superoxide (MitoSOX) Assay
2.9. γH2AX Assay
2.10. 8-Oxo-2′-Deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) Assay
2.11. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. WHC Inhibits Proliferation of Breast Cancer and Normal Cells Involving ROS
3.2. WHC Disturbs Cell Cycle Progression of Breast Cancer Cells
3.3. WHC Differentially Induces Apoptosis (Annexin V/7AAD) of Breast Cancer and Normal Cells
3.4. WHC Differentially Induced ROS Generation and GSH Depletion of Breast Cancer and Normal Cells
3.5. WHC Overexpresses MitoSOX in Breast Cancer Cells
3.6. WHC Overexpresses γH2AX in Breast Cancer Cells
3.7. WHC Overexpresses 8-OxodG in Breast Cancer Cells
4. Discussion
4.1. Withanolides Show Antiproliferative Potential for Cancer Cells
4.2. WHC Exhibits Higher ATP Depletion for Breast Cancer Cells than Normal Breast Cells
4.3. WHC Exhibiting Antioxidant Property May Contribute to Its Antiproliferation Ability to Breast Cancer Cells
4.4. WHC Induces Differential Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells
4.5. WHC Triggers DNA Damage in Breast Cancer Cells
4.6. NAC Reverts WHC-Induced Oxidative Stress Associated Changes in Breast Cancer Cells
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Yu, T.-J.; Tang, J.-Y.; Lin, L.-C.; Lien, W.-J.; Cheng, Y.-B.; Chang, F.-R.; Ou-Yang, F.; Chang, H.-W. Withanolide C Inhibits Proliferation of Breast Cancer Cells via Oxidative Stress-Mediated Apoptosis and DNA Damage. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090873
Yu T-J, Tang J-Y, Lin L-C, Lien W-J, Cheng Y-B, Chang F-R, Ou-Yang F, Chang H-W. Withanolide C Inhibits Proliferation of Breast Cancer Cells via Oxidative Stress-Mediated Apoptosis and DNA Damage. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(9):873. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090873
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Tzu-Jung, Jen-Yang Tang, Li-Ching Lin, Wan-Ju Lien, Yuan-Bin Cheng, Fang-Rong Chang, Fu Ou-Yang, and Hsueh-Wei Chang. 2020. "Withanolide C Inhibits Proliferation of Breast Cancer Cells via Oxidative Stress-Mediated Apoptosis and DNA Damage" Antioxidants 9, no. 9: 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090873