Diffusion Dialysis for Separation of Hydrochloric Acid, Iron and Zinc Ions from Highly Concentrated Pickling Solutions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental
2.2. Batch and Continuous Diffusion Dialysis Experimental Set-Up
2.3. Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of Zn Transport Behavior
3.2. HCl, Fe and Zn Test: Mutual Effects
4. Modelling Diffusion Dialysis with Multi-Metals Solutions
4.1. Modification in Model Constitutive Equations
4.2. Model Calibration
4.3. Model Validation
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature and Abbreviations
DD | - | diffusion dialysis |
A | [] | area |
c | molar concentration | |
F | volumetric flow rate | |
FeCl2 | [-] | iron chloride (II) |
HCl | [-] | hydrochloric acid |
molar flux | ||
volumetric flux | ||
i | [-] | Van´t Hoff coefficient |
IN | [-] | initial |
m | molality | |
M | molecular weight | |
diffusive permeability | ||
osmotic permeability | ||
R | gas constant | |
RR | [%] | recovery ratio |
T | [K] | temperature |
U | overall mass transfer coefficient | |
V | volume | |
v | linear velocity | |
ZnCl2 | [-] | zinc chloride |
[-] | hydration number | |
η | [%] | recovery efficiency |
molar volume | ||
[bar] | osmotic pressure | |
[-] | osmotic coefficient | |
Subscripts and Superscripts | ||
ch | channel | |
d | diffusate | |
dr | drag | |
exp | experimental | |
f | feed | |
i | ith component (HCl or FeCl2 or ZnCl2) | |
m | membrane | |
max | maximum | |
mod | modelling | |
os | osmotic | |
r | retentate | |
s | solvent | |
t | time | |
tot | total | |
w | water |
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Component | Unit | Mean |
---|---|---|
Free acidity (HCl) | g/L | 20–150 |
Fe | g/L | 50–150 |
Zn | g/L | 1–20 |
№ Test Identification | № of Repetitions | Flowrate mL/min | CHCl,f g/L | CFe,f g/L | CZn,f g/L |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 48 | 73 | - | - |
2 | 3 | 100 | - | - | |
3 | 1 | 100 | 117 | - | |
4 | 3 | 100 | 117 | 8 |
№ Test Identification | |||
---|---|---|---|
1 | 76 | - | - |
2 | 80 (± 1.8%) | - | - |
3 | 87 | 35 | - |
4 | 79 (± 6.0%) | 30 (± 7.8%) | 60 (± 7.7%) |
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Gueccia, R.; Aguirre, A.R.; Randazzo, S.; Cipollina, A.; Micale, G. Diffusion Dialysis for Separation of Hydrochloric Acid, Iron and Zinc Ions from Highly Concentrated Pickling Solutions. Membranes 2020, 10, 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes10060129
Gueccia R, Aguirre AR, Randazzo S, Cipollina A, Micale G. Diffusion Dialysis for Separation of Hydrochloric Acid, Iron and Zinc Ions from Highly Concentrated Pickling Solutions. Membranes. 2020; 10(6):129. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes10060129
Chicago/Turabian StyleGueccia, Rosa, Alba Ruiz Aguirre, Serena Randazzo, Andrea Cipollina, and Giorgio Micale. 2020. "Diffusion Dialysis for Separation of Hydrochloric Acid, Iron and Zinc Ions from Highly Concentrated Pickling Solutions" Membranes 10, no. 6: 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes10060129