Nanofiltration Membrane Characterization and Application: Extracting Lithium in Lepidolite Leaching Solution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Separation Equipment
2.2. Membrane Materials
2.3. Filtration of Salt Solutions
2.4. Characterization Methods of Membranes
2.5. Analytical Methods
2.6. Calculation
3. Result and Discussions
3.1. Membrane Characterization
3.1.1. FT-IR
3.1.2. Contact Angle
3.1.3. Zeta Potential
3.1.4. Scanning Electronic Microscope
3.1.5. Atomic Force Microscope
3.1.6. Pore size and Effective Thickness
3.1.7. The Pure Water Permeability
3.2. Retention Experiments
3.2.1. Separation of Li+ and SO42−
3.2.2. Separation of Li+ and Al3+
3.2.3. Separation of Multi-Ion System
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Active Layer | Support Layer | Pressure (MPa) | Membrane Area (m2) | Temperature (K) | pH | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DK | PA | PS | ≤ 4 | 0.38 | ≤ 323 | 2–11 |
DL | PA | PS | ≤ 4 | 0.38 | ≤ 323 | 2–11 |
NF270 | PA | PS | ≤ 4 | 0.40 | ≤ 318 | 2–11 |
Duracid NF | - | - | ≤ 8 | 0.38 | ≤ 343 | < 10 |
Assignment | Wavenumber (cm−1) | Vibration |
---|---|---|
PA (polyamide) | 2934 | CH2 asymmetric stretching |
2864 | CH2 attached to O or N stretching/bending | |
1650 | C=O stretching (Amide I band) | |
1503 | N–H bending | |
1485 | CH2 bending | |
1410 | C–N stretching coupling with NH2 bending(Amide III band) | |
1292 | CONH bending | |
690; 714 | N–H out-of-plane bending (Amide IV band) | |
PS (polysulphone) | 1585 | C=C Phenyl group |
1485 | C=C Phenyl group | |
1152 | O=S=O symmetric stretching | |
1105 | C=C Phenyl group |
Lp (m·s−1·Pa−1) | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|
This Study | Literatures | ||
DK | 1.192 × 10−11 | 1.3 × 10−11 | Straatsma [34] |
DL | 1.815 × 10−11 | 2.1 × 10−11 | Bargeman [35] |
NF270 | 2.630 × 10−11 | 4.0 × 10−11 | Yao [36] |
Duracid NF | 5.012 × 10−12 | - | - |
DK | DL | NF270 | Duracid NF | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Contact angle (°) | 36.4 | 34.5 | 25.4 | 35.9 |
Isoelectric point | 3.49 | 3.69 | 3.33 | - |
Thickness (μm) | 53.5 | 52.4 | 51.1 | 103.4 |
Diameter of nodules (nm) | 41.0 | 119.0 | 33.1 | 151.0 |
Ra (nm) | 4.05 | 12.4 | 4.39 | 7.77 |
MWCO (Da) | 292.0 | 331.3 | 380.6 | 146.3 |
rp (nm) | 0.445 | 0.468 | 0.495 | 0.338 |
Lp (m·s−1·Pa−1) | 1.192 × 10−11 | 1.815 × 10−11 | 2.630 × 10−11 | 5.012 × 10−12 |
Ions | Ds (10−9 m2·s−1) | rs (nm) | rH (nm) |
---|---|---|---|
Li+ | 1.030 | 0.238 | 0.382 |
Al3+ | - | 0.439 | 0.475 |
Cl− | 2.032 | 1.21 | 0.332 |
Na+ | 1.333 | 0.183 | 0.358 |
K+ | 1.957 | 0.124 | 0.331 |
Ca2+ | 0.718 | 0.307 | 0.412 |
SO42− | 1.065 | 0.229 | 0.379 |
Component | Concentration (mol/L) | Species Name | Concentration (mol/L) | % of Total Concentration |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lithium | 0.0471 | Li+ | 0.045544 | 96.698 |
LiCl (aq) | 0.000314 | 0.667 | ||
LiSO4− | 0.001241 | 2.635 | ||
Chlorine | 0.0157 | Cl− | 0.015408 | 97.998 |
LiCl (aq) | 0.000314 | 2.002 | ||
Sulfur | 0.0157 | SO42− | 0.014481 | 92.095 |
LiSO4− | 0.001241 | 7.904 |
Retention Ratio (%) | Flux (L m−2 h−1) | pH of Permeate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Li+ | SO42− | |||
DK | 73.6 | 97.9 | 158.5 | 5.378 |
DL | 72.9 | 97.4 | 167.8 | 5.436 |
NF270 | 66.8 | 96.0 | 206.4 | 5.231 |
Duracid NF | 91.6 | 98.7 | 74.94 | 5.325 |
Component | Concentration (mol/L) | Species Name | Concentration (mol/L) | % of Total Concentration |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lithium | 0.0471 | Li+ | 0.044613 | 94.58 |
LiCl (aq) | 0.002557 | 5.42 | ||
Aluminum | 0.0399 | Al3+ | 0.038964 | 97.716 |
AlOH2+ | 0.000219 | 0.548 | ||
Al3(OH)45+ | 1.9061 × 10–5 | 0.143 | ||
Al2(OH)24+ | 0.000113 | 0.565 | ||
AlCl2+ | 0.000408 | 1.024 | ||
Al(OH)2+ | 0.00000114 | - | ||
Al(OH)3 (aq) | 8.1981 × 10–10 | - | ||
Al(OH)4− | 1.5238 × 10–12 | - | ||
Chlorine | 0.0157 | Cl− | 0.163830 | 98.222 |
LiCl (aq) | 0.002557 | 1.533 | ||
AlCl2+ | 0.000408 | 0.245 |
Retention Ratio (%) | SF | Flux (L m−2 h−1) | pH of Permeate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Li+ | Al3+ | ||||
DK | 45.0 | 99.9 | 471. 3 | 103.8 | 3.077 |
DL | 44.8 | 99.6 | 135.0 | 110.2 | 3.192 |
NF270 | 39.8 | 97.8 | 27.8 | 115.1 | 2.728 |
Duracid NF | 90.1 | 99.9 | 218.6 | 54.4 | 3.015 |
Component | Concentration (mol/L) | Species Name | Concentration (mol/L) | % of Total Concentration |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lithium | 0.0471 | Li+ | 0.04462 | 94.596 |
LiCl (aq) | 0.0025488 | 5.404 | ||
Aluminum | 0.0399 | Al3+ | 0.038966 | 97.721 |
AlOH2+ | 0.000218 | 0.548 | ||
Al3(OH)45+ | 0.000019091 | 0.144 | ||
Al2(OH)24+ | 0.00011262 | 0.565 | ||
AlCl2+ | 0.00040686 | 1.020 | ||
Al(OH)2+ | 1.1377 × 10–6 | - | ||
Al(OH)3 (aq) | 8.1765 × 10–10 | - | ||
Al(OH)4− | 1.5225 × 10–12 | - | ||
Potassium | 0.00338 | K+ | 0.0032418 | 96.026 |
KCl (aq) | 0.00013415 | 3.974 | ||
Sodium | 0.00270 | Na+ | 0.0025896 | 96.026 |
NaCl (aq) | 0.00010716 | 3.974 | ||
Calcium | 0.000349 | Ca2+ | 0.00031204 | 89.332 |
CaCl+ | 0.000037263 | 10.668 | ||
CaOH+ | 6.4718 × 10–14 | - | ||
Chlorine | 0.0157 | Cl− | 0.16356 | 98.061 |
NaCl (aq) | 0.00010716 | 0.064 | ||
AlCl2+ | 0.00040686 | 0.244 | ||
LiCl (aq) | 0.0025488 | 1.528 | ||
CaCl+ | 0.000037263 | 0.022 | ||
KCl (aq) | 0.00013415 | 0.08 |
Retention Ratio (%) | SF | Flux (L m−2 h−1) | pH of Permeate | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Li+ | Al3+ | K+ | Na+ | Ca2+ | ||||
DK | 47.7 | 99.3 | 59.4 | 48.3 | 90.6 | 75.4 | 104.5 | 3.054 |
DL | 45.7 | 97.7 | 49.2 | 39.8 | 58.0 | 23.3 | 109.1 | 3.176 |
NF270 | 40.9 | 96.5 | 41.9 | 19.4 | 46.8 | 16.9 | 111.6 | 2.720 |
Duracid NF | 88.2 | 99.8 | 75.8 | 49.0 | 91.7 | 53.9 | 49.9 | 3.003 |
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Gao, L.; Wang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, M. Nanofiltration Membrane Characterization and Application: Extracting Lithium in Lepidolite Leaching Solution. Membranes 2020, 10, 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes10080178
Gao L, Wang H, Zhang Y, Wang M. Nanofiltration Membrane Characterization and Application: Extracting Lithium in Lepidolite Leaching Solution. Membranes. 2020; 10(8):178. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes10080178
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Lin, Huaiyou Wang, Yue Zhang, and Min Wang. 2020. "Nanofiltration Membrane Characterization and Application: Extracting Lithium in Lepidolite Leaching Solution" Membranes 10, no. 8: 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes10080178
APA StyleGao, L., Wang, H., Zhang, Y., & Wang, M. (2020). Nanofiltration Membrane Characterization and Application: Extracting Lithium in Lepidolite Leaching Solution. Membranes, 10(8), 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes10080178