Power Generation Performance of a Pilot-Scale Reverse Electrodialysis Using Monovalent Selective Ion-Exchange Membranes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Case Study
2.1. Desalination Unit
2.2. RED Pilot Plant
2.2.1. Feed Solution
2.2.2. Pre-Treatment
2.2.3. RED Stack
3. Experimental Procedure
3.1. RED Performance Test
3.2. Open Circuit Voltage (OCV)
3.3. Stack Resistance
3.4. Gross Power Output
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Open Circuit Voltage (OCV)
4.2. Stack Resistance (Ω)
4.3. RED Performance Using the Natural RO Brine and RW
4.4. Performance with Model RO Brine and RW
4.5. RED Performance with Natural SW and RW
4.6. RED Performance with Model SW and RW
4.7. Available Energy in Okinawa Water Desalination Plant
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Ion Exchange Capacity (IEC) and Water Content
Appendix A.2. Membrane Resistance (Ω)
Appendix B
- (i)
- 0.000 < CNaCl ≤ 0.024
- (ii)
- 0.0241 < CNaCl ≤ 0.190
- (iii)
- 0.190 < CNaCl
- (i)
- 0.000 < CNaCl ≤ 0.00856, 0 < k ≤ 1.029576
- (ii)
- 0.00856 < CNaCl ≤ 0.172844, 1.029576 < k ≤ 22.720034
- (iii)
- 0.190 < CNaCl, 22.720034 < k
Appendix C
Appendix D
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Solution | Conductivity [mS/cm] | Na+ | K+ | Mg2+ | Ca2+ | Cl− | SO42− |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RW [mmol/dm3] | 0.34 ± 0.05 | 0.89 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.93 | 1.00 | 0.20 |
SW [mmol/dm3] | 51.9 ± 1 | 469 | 33.0 | 61.0 | 12.0 | 489 | 25.0 |
RO brine [mmol/dm3] | 81.9 ± 1 | 778 | 12.0 | 87.0 | 20.0 | 990 | 44.0 |
Membrane | Type | IEC * [meq/g] | Water Content [-] | Resistance [Ω·cm2] | Thickness [µm] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CIMS | One side cation monovalent selective | 2.3 | 0.30 | 2.49 | 150 |
ACS-8T | One side anion monovalent selective | 1.9 | 0.39 | 2.41 | 150 |
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Mehdizadeh, S.; Kakihana, Y.; Abo, T.; Yuan, Q.; Higa, M. Power Generation Performance of a Pilot-Scale Reverse Electrodialysis Using Monovalent Selective Ion-Exchange Membranes. Membranes 2021, 11, 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11010027
Mehdizadeh S, Kakihana Y, Abo T, Yuan Q, Higa M. Power Generation Performance of a Pilot-Scale Reverse Electrodialysis Using Monovalent Selective Ion-Exchange Membranes. Membranes. 2021; 11(1):27. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11010027
Chicago/Turabian StyleMehdizadeh, Soroush, Yuriko Kakihana, Takakazu Abo, Qingchun Yuan, and Mitsuru Higa. 2021. "Power Generation Performance of a Pilot-Scale Reverse Electrodialysis Using Monovalent Selective Ion-Exchange Membranes" Membranes 11, no. 1: 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11010027