Occurrence of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Viral Genomes in Wastewater Effluents and Their Treatment by a Pilot Scale Nanofiltration Unit
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Occurrence Study
2.1.1. Antibiotics
Sampling Campaign
Solid Phase Extraction Procedures
Analysis by Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry
2.1.2. Antibiotic Resistance Genes
DNA Extraction
Detection and Quantification of the Target Resistance Genes by TaqMan Multiplex qPCR
2.1.3. Viruses
Concentration of Viral Particles from the Water Samples
Viral DNA and RNA Extraction and cDNA Preparation
Detection and Quantification of the Viral Genomes by TaqMan Multiplex qPCR
2.2. Nanofiltration Experimental Assay
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Occurrence of the Target Contaminants
3.1.1. Antibiotics
3.1.2. Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Viral Genomes
3.2. Efficiency of Nanofiltration for the Removal of the Target Contaminants
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Structure | Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight (Da) | Log Kow a |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ciprofloxacin | C17H18FN3O3 | 331.3 | 0.28 | |
Levofloxacin | C18H20FN3O4 | 361.4 | −0.39 |
Compound. | Ciprofloxacin | Levofloxacin |
---|---|---|
Retention time (min) | 6.72 | 6.49 |
Precursor ion [M + H]+ | 332 | 362 |
Source potential (V) | 50 | 50 |
Collision Energy (eV) | 20 | 20 |
MRM1 transition | 332 > 288 | 362 > 318 |
MRM2 transition | 332 > 314 | 362 > 261 |
Time (min) | 0 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 8.10 | 10 | 10.10 | 20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% A | 100 | 95 | 80 | 80 | 10 | 10 | 100 | 100 |
% B | 0 | 5 | 20 | 20 | 90 | 90 | 0 | 0 |
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Cristóvão, M.B.; Tela, S.; Silva, A.F.; Oliveira, M.; Bento-Silva, A.; Bronze, M.R.; Crespo, M.T.B.; Crespo, J.G.; Nunes, M.; Pereira, V.J. Occurrence of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Viral Genomes in Wastewater Effluents and Their Treatment by a Pilot Scale Nanofiltration Unit. Membranes 2021, 11, 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11010009
Cristóvão MB, Tela S, Silva AF, Oliveira M, Bento-Silva A, Bronze MR, Crespo MTB, Crespo JG, Nunes M, Pereira VJ. Occurrence of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Viral Genomes in Wastewater Effluents and Their Treatment by a Pilot Scale Nanofiltration Unit. Membranes. 2021; 11(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11010009
Chicago/Turabian StyleCristóvão, Maria Beatriz, Solomon Tela, Andreia Filipa Silva, Micaela Oliveira, Andreia Bento-Silva, Maria Rosário Bronze, Maria Teresa Barreto Crespo, João Goulão Crespo, Mónica Nunes, and Vanessa Jorge Pereira. 2021. "Occurrence of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Viral Genomes in Wastewater Effluents and Their Treatment by a Pilot Scale Nanofiltration Unit" Membranes 11, no. 1: 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11010009