Interphase Surface Stability in Liquid-Liquid Membrane Contactors Based on Track-Etched Membranes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Track-Etched Membranes
2.3. Membrane Characterization
2.3.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.3.2. Surface Properties of the Membranes
2.3.3. Dynamic Light Scattering
2.4. Liquid–Liquid Membrane Contactor
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Track-Etched Membranes
3.1.1. Characterization of Track-Etched Membranes Using SEM
3.1.2. Surface Properties of the Membranes
3.2. Liquid–Liquid Membrane Contactor System
3.2.1. Influence of the Porous Structure of the Membrane on the Stability of the Phase Contact Interface
3.2.2. Influence of a Drop in Pressure between Phases on the Interphase Stability
3.2.3. Influence of the Parameters of the Membrane-Contactor System on the Stability of the Liquid–Liquid Interface
3.2.4. Discussion of Obtained Results
3.3. Extraction of Acetone from the Organic Phase to the Aqueous Phase in the Membrane Contactor
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | Aqueous Phase | Organic Phase | |
---|---|---|---|
Water | Hexadecane | 1-Pentanol | |
Molar mass, g/mole | 18 | 226.45 | 88.15 |
Normal boiling point, °C | 100 | 286.8 | 137.9 |
Viscosity at 25 °C, mPa·s | 0.895 | 3.08 | 3.36 |
Surface tension at 25 °C, mN/m | 71.98 | 27.15 | 25.3 |
Interfacial tension of the water–liquid interface at 25 °C, mN/m | - | 55.2 1 | 4.5 |
Sample | Time of Chemical Etching, min | Average Pore Diameter on the Selective Side Determined by SEM, nm | Thickness, μm | Volume Porosity, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
TEM-1 | 3 | 12.5 ± 0.3 * | 23.7 | 14 |
TEM-2 | 3.5 | 14.7 ± 0.4 | 22.8 | 17 |
TEM-3 | 4 | 15.7 ± 0.5 | 22.7 | 22 |
TEM-4 | 4.5 | 19.0 ± 0.5 | 22.6 | 32 |
Sample | Surface Energy, mJ/m2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Side a | Side b | |||||
γd | γp | γ | γd | γp | γ | |
TEM-1 | 26 | 15 | 41 | 30 | 17 | 47 |
TEM-2 | 28 | 13 | 41 | 28 | 31 | 59 |
TEM-3 | 35 | 16 | 51 | 34 | 23 | 57 |
TEM-4 | 35 | 12 | 47 | 36 | 17 | 53 |
Sample | Interphase Surface Stability | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | |
TEM-1 | - | + | + | + |
TEM-2 | - | + | + | + |
TEM-3 | - | - | - | - |
TEM-4 | - | - | - | - |
Water Overpressure, kPa | Interphase Surface Stability | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
TEM-1 | TEM-2 | |||
| | | | |
3 | + | + | + | + |
5 | - | + | + | + |
7 | - | + | - | + |
10 | n/a | - | - | + |
13 | n/a | n/a | n/a | - |
Side a—Hexadecane Side b—Water | Side a—Water Side b—Hexadecane | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The linear velocity of water = 2.4 cm/s; the linear velocity of hexadecane varies | The linear velocity of water varies; the linear velocity of hexadecane = 2.6 cm/s | The linear velocity of water = 2.4 cm/s; the linear velocity of hexadecane varies | The linear velocity of water varies; the linear velocity of hexadecane = 2.6 cm/s | ||||
The linear velocity of hexadecane | DLS | The linear velocity of hexadecane | DLS | The linear velocity of hexadecane | DLS | The linear velocity of hexadecane | DLS |
1.6 | - | 1.6 | - | 1.6 | - | 1.6 | - |
1.9 | - | 1.9 | - | 1.9 | - | 1.9 | - |
3 | - | 3 | - | 3 | - | 3 | - |
3.3 | - | 3.3 | - | 3.3 | - | 3.3 | - |
3.9 | hexadecane drops (176 nm) in water | 3.9 | hexadecane drops (176 nm) in water | 3.9 | hexadecane drops (176 nm) in water | 3.9 | hexadecane drops (176 nm) in water |
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Bazhenov, S.; Kristavchuk, O.; Kostyanaya, M.; Belogorlov, A.; Ashimov, R.; Apel, P. Interphase Surface Stability in Liquid-Liquid Membrane Contactors Based on Track-Etched Membranes. Membranes 2021, 11, 949. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11120949
Bazhenov S, Kristavchuk O, Kostyanaya M, Belogorlov A, Ashimov R, Apel P. Interphase Surface Stability in Liquid-Liquid Membrane Contactors Based on Track-Etched Membranes. Membranes. 2021; 11(12):949. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11120949
Chicago/Turabian StyleBazhenov, Stepan, Olga Kristavchuk, Margarita Kostyanaya, Anton Belogorlov, Ruslan Ashimov, and Pavel Apel. 2021. "Interphase Surface Stability in Liquid-Liquid Membrane Contactors Based on Track-Etched Membranes" Membranes 11, no. 12: 949. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11120949