Nanoparticle-Embedded Polymers and Their Applications: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Factors Affecting the Performance of Polymeric Membranes
3. Development and Production of Nano-Based Polymeric Membranes
Membrane | Materials | Filler Type | Modification Technique | The Purpose of Modification and Its Advantages | Applications | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSF/diatomite composite. | Polysulfone (PSF). | Silicon Dioxide (SiO2). | Phase inversion. | Exhibit excellent hydrophilicity, large-pore voids, and low surface roughness. | Remove oil, dye, and pharmaceutical waste from water bodies by treating effluents. | [27] |
Ultrafiltration membrane. | (PVDF)/(PAN). | SiO2 and TiO2 | Phase inversion. | Improvement in flux and antifouling properties. | Extensively used in drinking water and wastewater. | [28] |
PSF-PVP/LDH-Mt | PSF-PVP | Montmorillonite (Mt) modified with Mg-Fe double hydroxide layers (LDH-Mt). | Phase inversion. | The most hydrophilic materials, of the best thermal stability, and the highest surface roughness, induces a radical change in the architecture of pores. Modified membranes have an elongated, interconnecting pore structure. | Used for separation of an oil–water mixture. | [29] |
Composite films of interconnected silica networks on the polyester fabric. | Polyester fabric. | Octadecyl-polysiloxane networked silica nanoparticles. | One-step dip-coating method | Exhibited higher surface roughness and the membrane surface increased the contact angle to 178 degrees and swiftly passed nonpolar organic solvents, with an outstanding oil separation efficiency of >99.5%. | Effective oil–water separation | [30] |
PET/Pd nanoparticles. | Polyethylene terephthalate (PET). | Pd nanoparticles solution. | Carboxylation and nanoparticles deposition in porous polymeric membranes. | Increase in the selectivity of hydrogen in comparison to carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2) as carboxylation promotes H2 selectiveness. | Hydrogen separation. | [31] |
PS/PP-FOTS-SiO2NPs | Polysulfone/polypropylene membrane. | Perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane modified silica nanoparticles (FOTS-SiO2NPs). | Phase separation process. | The oil flux and separation efficiencies obtained were 84.9 L/h·m2 and 83.4%, respectively. Efficient oil cleaning from polluted water sources. | Oil–water emulsion separations. | [32] |
(PVDF)–ZnO composite membranes. | Polyvinylidene fluoride. | Zinc oxide (ZnO). | Blending process. | Confer substantial hydrophilic, photocatalytic, and antibacterial activities to polymeric membranes. | Wastewater treatments. | [33] |
PVDF-HFP/SiO2. | PVDF-HFP polymer. | SiO2 | Phase separation. | The porosity of the membrane was controlled, improving the mechanical properties of the membrane and excellent selectivity toward CO2. | CO2 Capturing and water purifications. | [34] |
3.1. Nanoparticle-Embedded Polymeric Membranes Manufacturing Processes and Applications
3.1.1. Nano-Based Polymeric Mixed-Matrix Membranes (MMMs)
Sol-Gel Process
Electrospinning
Phase Inversion Process
- Selection of appropriate inorganic nano-additives for uniform dispersion into the membrane matrix;
- Comprehension of the interaction between polymer and additive for the design of the optimum membrane structure;
- Improved regeneration or cleaning of mixed-matrix membranes for reuse, as well as an increase in the stability of nano-additives in the membrane structure after production for a long service life [70].
Layer-by-Layer Assembly
Template-Assisted Methods
Track-Etching Methods
3.1.2. Homogeneous Nanoparticle-Embedded Polymers (HPMs)
Surface Coating
Self-Assembly Process
Interfacial Polymerization (IP)
4. Recent Nanoparticle-Embedded Polymers and their Applications
5. Future Applications
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Khdary, N.H.; Almuarqab, B.T.; El Enany, G. Nanoparticle-Embedded Polymers and Their Applications: A Review. Membranes 2023, 13, 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13050537
Khdary NH, Almuarqab BT, El Enany G. Nanoparticle-Embedded Polymers and Their Applications: A Review. Membranes. 2023; 13(5):537. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13050537
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhdary, Nezar H., Basha T. Almuarqab, and Gaber El Enany. 2023. "Nanoparticle-Embedded Polymers and Their Applications: A Review" Membranes 13, no. 5: 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13050537