Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Technology for Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation: Membrane Fouling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Membrane Fouling in MBR
2.1. Classification of Foulants
2.1.1. Biofoulants
2.1.2. Organic Foulants
2.1.3. Inorganic Foulants
3. Factors Affecting Membrane Fouling in MBR
3.1. Membrane Characteristics
3.1.1. Membrane Material
3.1.2. Water Affinity
3.1.3. Membrane Surface Roughness
3.1.4. Membrane Surface Charge
3.1.5. Membrane Pore Size
3.2. Operating Conditions
3.2.1. Operating Mode
3.2.2. Rate of Aeration
- Rf(i) is the fouling resistance at operating conditions i, m−1;
- RO(ref) is the fouling resistance at reference point O, m−1;
- JC is the critical flux, L/m2 h;
- JO(ref) is the reference permeate flux at point O, L/m2 h;
- Ji is the permeate flux at operating condition i, L/m2 h;
- Q(i) is the scouring aeration intensity at operating condition i, m3/h;
- QO(ref) is the scouring aeration intensity at reference operating condition O, m3/h;
- l is the scouring aeration intensity exponent, which is approximately −2.
3.2.3. Solids Retention Time (SRT)
3.2.4. Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT)
3.2.5. Food–Microorganisms (F/M) Ratio
3.2.6. Organic Loading Rate (OLR)
3.2.7. Chemical Oxygen Demand/Nitrogen (COD/N) Ratio
3.2.8. Temperature
3.3. Feed and Biomass Characteristics
3.3.1. Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS)
3.3.2. Sludge Apparent Viscosity
3.3.3. Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS)
3.3.4. Floc Size
3.3.5. Alkalinity and pH
3.3.6. Salinity
4. Current Research Trends for Membrane Fouling Abatement in MBR
4.1. Coagulant Addition
4.2. Adsorbent Addition
4.3. Use of Granular Biomass (Aerobic Granulation)
4.4. Use of Granular Materials with Aeration
4.5. Quorum Quenching
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AFMBR | anaerobic fluidised membrane bioreactor |
AGMBR | aerobic granulation membrane bioreactor |
ASP | activated sludge process |
BAP | biomass-associated products |
BPC | biopolymer clusters |
CA | cellulose acetate |
CAB | cellulose acetate butyrate |
CEBs | cell entrapping beads |
COD | chemical oxygen demand |
DO | dissolved oxygen |
EPS | extracellular polymeric substances |
FeCl3 | ferric chloride |
F/M | food-microorganisms |
GAC | granular activated carbon |
HRT | hydraulic retention time |
IUPAC | International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry |
LB-EPS | loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances |
MLSS | mixed liquor suspended solids |
MBR | membrane bioreactor |
MF | microfiltration |
NF | nanofiltration |
OLR | organic loading rate |
PAC | powdered activated carbon |
PACl | polymeric aluminium chloride |
PAFC | polymeric aluminium ferric chloride |
PAN | polyacrylonitrile |
PE | polyethylene |
PES | polyethersulfone |
PET | polyethylene terephthalate |
PFS | polymeric ferric sulphate |
PP | polypropylene |
PS | polysulfone |
PTFE | polytetrafluoroethylene |
PVB | polyvinyl butyral |
PVDF | polyvinylidene fluoride |
QS | quorum sensing |
RO | reverse osmosis |
SMPs | soluble microbial products |
SRT | solids retention time |
SVI | sludge volume index |
TB-EPS | tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances |
TMP | transmembrane pressure |
TOC | total organic carbon |
UAP | utilisation-associated products |
UF | ultrafiltration |
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Factor | Effect on Membrane Fouling | Reference |
---|---|---|
Membrane Characteristics | ||
Membrane Material | Ceramic membranes are hydrophilic, hence they foul less. Polymeric membranes are mostly hydrophobic and exhibit more fouling | [5,13,41,42] |
Water affinity | Increasing hydrophilicity indicates less membrane fouling propensity while hydrophobicity correlates well with increase propensity for membrane fouling | [47] |
Membrane surface roughness | Membrane fouling tends to increase with increasing surface roughness as the rough surface provides a valley for the colloidal particles in the wastewater to accumulate on. However, higher projections on the membrane surface exhibit higher antifouling property and better permeability recovery after backflushing than gentle roughness. | [48,49,50,51] |
Membrane surface charge | The colloidal particles depositing on the membrane makes them negatively charged, hence they can attract cations in the MLSS, such as Ca2+ and Al3+ leading to inorganic fouling | [49] |
Membrane pore size | Increasing membrane pore size increases the tendency for pore blocking mechanism | [47,53] |
Operating Conditions | ||
Operating mode | Operating in cross-flow filtration mode reduces cake layer formation on the membrane surface | [69] |
Aeration | Increasing aeration rates results in a reduction in membrane fouling | [59,60,61] |
Solids retention time (SRT) | Operating at high SRTs reduces the production of EPS, hence reduced fouling. However, extremely high SRTs rather increase membrane fouling due to the accumulation of MLSS and increased sludge viscosity | [65,66,67,68] |
Hydraulic retention time (HRT) | Decreasing HRTs results in increasing rate of membrane fouling. However, extremely high HRTs leads to an accumulation of foulants | [30,71,72,73,74] |
Food-microorganisms (F/M) ratio | The rate of membrane fouling in MBRs increases with increasing F/M ratio due high food utilisation by biomass resulting in increased EPS production | [70,75,76] |
Organic loading rate (OLR) | Membranes foul more as OLR increases | [79] |
COD/N ratio | Operating at higher COD/N ratio reduces rate of membrane fouling, improved membrane performance and a longer operation period before membrane cleaning | [81,82] |
On the contrary, other studies found that low COD/N ratio results in lower MLSS concentration, lower SMPs production, lower carbohydrates, proteins, and humic acids in LB-EPS; hence, low membrane fouling | [83,84,85] | |
Temperature | Low temperatures increase the propensity for membrane fouling as more EPS are released by bacteria and the number of filamentous bacteria increases. Sudden temperature changes also increase fouling rate due to spontaneous release of SMPs | [30,86,88,89] |
Feed/biomass characteristics | ||
Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) | Increasing MLSS correlate with increased rate of membrane fouling | [60,61,90,91] |
Other studies report no (or little) effect of MLSS on membrane fouling | [93,94,95] | |
Sludge apparent viscosity | Increasing the viscosity results in increased membrane fouling | [60,97] |
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) | Increase in the concentration of EPS (bound EPS and SMPs) result in membrane fouling | [2,36,103,104] |
Floc size | Decrease in floc size increases membrane fouling | [109] |
pH | Decrease in pH results in increased rate of membrane fouling | [116,118,119] |
Salinity | Increasing salinity increases membrane fouling by altering biomass characteristic like more release of bound EPS and SMPs, floc size and zeta potential | [121,122,123] |
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Iorhemen, O.T.; Hamza, R.A.; Tay, J.H. Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Technology for Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation: Membrane Fouling. Membranes 2016, 6, 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes6020033
Iorhemen OT, Hamza RA, Tay JH. Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Technology for Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation: Membrane Fouling. Membranes. 2016; 6(2):33. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes6020033
Chicago/Turabian StyleIorhemen, Oliver Terna, Rania Ahmed Hamza, and Joo Hwa Tay. 2016. "Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Technology for Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation: Membrane Fouling" Membranes 6, no. 2: 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes6020033