Biological Effects of Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Fields at 27 GHz on Sperm Quality of Mytilus galloprovincialis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. 5G Technology
1.2. The Impact of 5G Technology to Health
1.3. The Impact of 5G Technology to Marine Coastal Marine Species
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. 27 GHz Antenna and Exposure Setup
2.3. Experimental Exposure Procedure
2.4. Motility Analysis
2.5. Vitality Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Numerical Dosimetry Analyses
- -
- density power of the incident field [W/m2];
- -
- the local specific absorption rate (point SAR) [W/Kg];
- -
- power loss density (PLD) deposited into the exposed aqueous samples [W/m3].
3.2. Sperms Vitality and Motility Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | Material | Dielectric Constant | Loss Tangent | Mass Density |
---|---|---|---|---|
Horn antenna | Perfect electric conductor (good metal) | - | ∞ | - |
Aqueous sample | Salt water (30‰ salinity) | 23.64 | 1.27 | 1029 [Kg/m3] |
6-weel microplates | Polystyrene | 2.5 | 0 | - |
Ground plane | Perfect electric conductor (good metal) | - | ∞ | - |
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Share and Cite
Pecoraro, R.; Pavone, S.C.; Scalisi, E.M.; Sica, C.; Ignoto, S.; Contino, M.; Salvaggio, A.; Marmara, D.; Sorbello, G.; Di Donato, L.; et al. Biological Effects of Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Fields at 27 GHz on Sperm Quality of Mytilus galloprovincialis. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10040521
Pecoraro R, Pavone SC, Scalisi EM, Sica C, Ignoto S, Contino M, Salvaggio A, Marmara D, Sorbello G, Di Donato L, et al. Biological Effects of Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Fields at 27 GHz on Sperm Quality of Mytilus galloprovincialis. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2022; 10(4):521. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10040521
Chicago/Turabian StylePecoraro, Roberta, Santi Concetto Pavone, Elena Maria Scalisi, Carmen Sica, Sara Ignoto, Martina Contino, Antonio Salvaggio, Dimitra Marmara, Gino Sorbello, Loreto Di Donato, and et al. 2022. "Biological Effects of Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Fields at 27 GHz on Sperm Quality of Mytilus galloprovincialis" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 4: 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10040521