Importance of Pre-Storm Morphological Factors in Determination of Coastal Highway Vulnerability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Dataset
2.2. Correlation Analysis
2.3. Binary Classifiers
2.3.1. K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN)
2.3.2. Ensemble of Decision Trees (EDT)
- is the true class label;
- are normalized weights;
- is the predicted classification score calculated, as shown in Equation (4):
- are weights of the weak hypotheses () in the ensemble that are used to determine weighted error (), as shown in Equation (5):
- is a vector of predictor values for observation n;
- is the true class label;
- is the prediction of learner with index t;
- is the indicator function;
- is the weight of observation n at time step t.
2.3.3. EDT Settings
2.3.4. Model Training and Testing
2.4. Metrics of Performance
3. Results
3.1. Correlation Analysis and Feature Selection
3.2. KNN and EDT Performances
- H0 = The pairwise difference between F-1 scores from KNN and EDT has a mean equal to zero at the 5% significance level.
- HA = The pairwise difference between F-1 scores from KNN and EDT has a mean not equal to zero at the 5% significance level.
- H0 = The pairwise difference between AUC values from KNN and EDT has a mean equal to zero at the 5% significance level.
- HA = The pairwise difference between AUC values from KNN and EDT has a mean not equal to zero at the 5% significance level.
3.3. EDT Feature Importance Analysis
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Storm # | Storm | Date and Duration | Storm Approach | Peak Wave Height (ft) | Max Water Level (ft NAVD88) | Storm Impacts to Study Area |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Hurricane Irene | August 2011 50 h | Sound-side | 21.4 | 3.0 | Island breaches, erosive damage to the road, and overwash on road |
2 | Hurricane Sandy | October 2012 88 h | Ocean-side | 18.8 | 4.5 | Wide-spread overwash on road |
3 | Hurricane Arthur | July 2014 14 h | Sound-side | 18.5 | 1.3 | Erosive damage to pavement, overwash on road |
4 | Nor’easter | February 2016 55 h | N/A | 15.7 | 3.5 | Overwash on road |
5 | Hurricane Matthew | October 2016 153 h | Ocean-side | 17.2 | 3.3 | Overwash on road |
6 | Nor’easter | March 2018 148 h | N/A | 17.5 | 3.7 | Overwash on road |
7 | Hurricane Dorian | September 2019 47 h | Ocean-side | 21.9 | 4.6 | Overwash on road |
Geomorphological Characteristic | |
---|---|
|
|
Hyperparameter | Search Range |
---|---|
Number of neighbors | |
Distance metric | City block, Chebychev, Correlation, Cosine, Euclidean, Hamming, Jaccard, Mahalanobis, Minkowski (cubic), Spearman |
Distance weight | Equal |
Inverse | |
Squared inverse | |
Standardize data | True |
False |
Classified Vulnerable | Classified Not Vulnerable | |
---|---|---|
Observed vulnerable | True positives | False negatives |
Observed not vulnerable | False positives | True negatives |
Storm | Parameter | [5] | KNN | EDT |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | F-1 Score | 0.85 | 0.93 | 0.92 |
2 | 0.88 | 0.92 | 0.91 | |
3 | 0.83 | 0.90 | 0.89 | |
4 | 0.57 | 0.96 | 0.96 | |
5 | 0.76 | 0.94 | 0.93 | |
6 | 0.89 | 0.97 | 0.97 | |
7 | 0.93 | 0.95 | 0.95 |
Storm | Parameter | [5] | KNN | EDT |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | AUC values | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.97 |
2 | 0.85 | 0.91 | 0.97 | |
3 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.96 | |
4 | 0.53 | 0.81 | 0.94 | |
5 | 0.74 | 0.91 | 0.95 | |
6 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.99 | |
7 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.97 |
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Pesantez, J.E.; Behr, A.; Sciaudone, E. Importance of Pre-Storm Morphological Factors in Determination of Coastal Highway Vulnerability. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1158. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081158
Pesantez JE, Behr A, Sciaudone E. Importance of Pre-Storm Morphological Factors in Determination of Coastal Highway Vulnerability. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2022; 10(8):1158. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081158
Chicago/Turabian StylePesantez, Jorge E., Adam Behr, and Elizabeth Sciaudone. 2022. "Importance of Pre-Storm Morphological Factors in Determination of Coastal Highway Vulnerability" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 8: 1158. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081158
APA StylePesantez, J. E., Behr, A., & Sciaudone, E. (2022). Importance of Pre-Storm Morphological Factors in Determination of Coastal Highway Vulnerability. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(8), 1158. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081158