Climatic Trend of Wind Energy Resource in the Antarctic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology and Data
2.1. Data
2.2. Methods
3. The Long-Term Trend
3.1. Wind Power Density
3.2. Effective Wind Speed Occurrence
3.3. Energy Level Occurrence
3.3.1. Available Level Occurrence
3.3.2. Rich Level Occurrence
3.3.3. Superb Level Occurrence
3.4. Stability
3.4.1. Coefficient of Variation
3.4.2. Monthly Variation Index and Seasonal Variation Index
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- According to the variation trend of wind power density, the annually increasing areas are mainly distributed in Enderby—Queen Maude Land and near the Davis Station, while the decreasing areas are mainly distributed in Cape Adare and Mac.Robertson Land, followed by the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea (−0.5~−1 W × m−2 × a−1). In spring, the land part shows a positive trend, and the vicinity of Cape Adair shows a negative trend. In summer, the positive trend decreases, and there is an area with a negative trend. The Southern Ocean shows an increasing trend. There is a negative trend in autumn and no significant change in winter.
- (2)
- According to the variation trend of EWSO, the increasing areas year by year are mainly distributed in the East Antarctic, while the decreasing areas are mainly distributed in the Ross Sea and Cape Adare. In spring, the East Antarctica and the Ross Ice Shelf show a positive trend, while the Ross Sea, Weddell Sea, and other waters show a decreasing trend. In summer, both strength and range of the trend decrease. In autumn and winter, only the Ross Sea and the Antarctic Peninsula show a decreasing trend, and the range of positive trends significantly reduces.
- (3)
- The variation trend of energy level occurrence, ALO: the seasonal and annual trend distribution of ALO is similar to that of EWSO, and its intensity is stronger than EWSO. RLO: except in summer, the range and intensity of ALO increase in other seasons, with positive trends in East Antarctica and negative trends in adjacent waters such as the Ross Sea. The biggest difference in summer is seen in the plains of East Antarctica, where ALO shows a significant positive trend while the trend of RLO remains unchanged. SLO: except in winter, the trend distribution of SLO and ALO changes greatly. The evolution trend of them in winter is basically the same, indicating that wind energy is more stable in winter. The differences are reflected in the extent of the positive trend in East Antarctica, with centers of positive trends occurring on both sides of the Prince Charles Mountains in spring, while the positive trend widens near the Trans-Antarctic Mountains. Summer and autumn: the positive trend of SLO in East Antarctica is largely absent or presents to a lesser extent but appears in the Southern Ocean.
- (4)
- From the variation trend of wind energy stability, the increasing areas are mainly distributed on the coast of Queen Maude Land, the coast of West Antarctica, near the Ross Sea, the Trans-Antarctic Mountains; the Ronny Ice Shelf owns a decreasing trend, indicating that the stability becomes better. The trend in most of the rest of the region remains static, and it is consistent in different seasons. Monthly variation index: the areas with a significantly increasing trend are mainly distributed in the Prydz Bay, while the areas with a significantly increasing trend are mainly distributed in the West Antarctic—Antarctic Peninsula and Weddell Sea coast. Seasonal variation index: positive trends are distributed along the coast of Antarctica, the Ronny Ice Shelf, and the Weddell Sea-Southern Ocean, and negative trends are distributed along the Trans-Antarctic Mountains.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wang, K.-S.; Wu, D.; Zhang, T.; Wu, K.; Zheng, C.-W.; Yi, C.-T.; Yu, Y. Climatic Trend of Wind Energy Resource in the Antarctic. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 1088. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11051088
Wang K-S, Wu D, Zhang T, Wu K, Zheng C-W, Yi C-T, Yu Y. Climatic Trend of Wind Energy Resource in the Antarctic. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023; 11(5):1088. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11051088
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Kai-Shan, Di Wu, Tao Zhang, Kai Wu, Chong-Wei Zheng, Cheng-Tao Yi, and Yue Yu. 2023. "Climatic Trend of Wind Energy Resource in the Antarctic" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 5: 1088. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11051088