Overview of Predation by Birds, Cephalopods, Fish and Marine Mammals on Marine Benthic Amphipods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods of Analysis
2.1. Direct Observations
2.2. Stomach Contents
2.3. Fecal Samples
2.4. Stable Isotopes
2.5. Molecular Tools
2.6. Caging Experiment
2.7. Laboratory Experiments
3. Birds
3.1. Shorebirds
3.2. Other Birds
4. Cephalopods
5. Fish
6. Mammals
7. Impact of Offshore Wind Farms on the Trophic Chain
8. Quantitative Relationships
9. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Predators and Amphipod Predated in the Worldwide Ocean
Predators | Area | Benthic Amphipod Species | Reference |
Birds | |||
Gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua | Sub-Antarctic Crozet Islands | Gondogeneia spinicoxa | [2] |
Imperial cormorant Phalocrocorax atriceps | Sub-Antarctic Crozet Islands | Gondogeneia spinicoxa | [2] |
Salvin’s prion Pachyptila salvini | Sub-Antarctic Crozet Islands | Gondogeneia ushuaiae, Uristes murrayi | [2] |
Pintado petrel Daption capensis | Sub-Antarctic Crozet Islands | Pontogeneiella brevicornis, Paracallisoma alberti, Parawaldeckia kidderi, Podocerus capillimanus, Lysianassidae, Oedicerotidae | [2] |
Greatwinged petrel Pterodroma macroptera | Sub-Antarctic Crozet Islands | Cyphocaris challengeri, Eurythenes obesus, E. gryllus | [2] |
Kerguelen petrel Pterodroma brevirostris | Sub-Antarctic Crozet Islands | Cyphocaris richardi, Eurythenes obesus, E. gryllus, Paracallisoma alberti | [2] |
Blue petrel Halobaena caerulea | Sub-Antarctic Crozet Islands | Cyphocaris richardi, Eurythenes obesus, E. gryllus, Paracallisoma alberti, Parandania boeki | [2] |
Lighmantled sooty albatross Phoebetria palpebrata | Sub-Antarctic Crozet Islands | Eurythenes obesus | [2] |
Whitechinned petrel Procellaria aequinoctialis | Sub-Antarctic Crozet Islands | Eurythenes obesus | [2] |
Softplumaged petrel Pterodroma mollis | Sub-Antarctic Crozet Islands | Eurythenes obesus | [2] |
Blackbellied storm petrel Fregetta tropica | Sub-Antarctic Crozet Islands | Eurythenes obesus | [2] |
Grayheaded albatross Diomedea chrysostoma | Sub-Antarctic Crozet Islands | Eurythenes gryllus | [2] |
Sooty albatross Phoebetria fusca | Sub-Antarctic Crozet Islands | Eurythenes gryllus | [2] |
Antarctic stern Sterna vittata | Southern Ocean | Benthic Gammaridea | [24] |
Gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua | Southern Ocean | Benthic Gammaridea | [24] |
Emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri | Ross Sea, Antarctic Ocean | Abyssorchomene rossi, A. plebs, Eusirus microps, Eusirus propeperdentatus, Uristes gigas | [72] |
Adelie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae | South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Ocean | Eurymera monticulosa, Eusirus tridentatus, Cheirimedon femoratus, Hippomedon kergueleni | [73] |
Chinstrap penguin Pygoscelis antarcticus | South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Ocean | Gammaridae, Eusirus tridentatus | [73] |
Gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua | South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Ocean | Gammaridae, Djerboa furcipes, Eurymera monticulosa, Eusirus propeperdentatus, E. tridentatus, Oradarea bidentata, Pontogeneiella brevicornis, Waldeckia obesa | [73] |
Briinnich’s guillemots Uria aalge and U. Zomvia | Spitsbergen and Franz Josef Land | Amphipoda, Gammarus, Gammarus wilkitskii | [28] |
Red phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius | Bering Sea, Northern Pacific | Ampelisca, Byblis, Protomedia, Anonyx, other Lysianassidae | [70] |
Northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis | Bering Sea, Northern Pacific | Ampelisca, Byblis, Protomedia, Anonyx, Photis | [70] |
Brünnich’s guillemot Uria lomvia | Bering Sea, Northern Pacific | Ampelisca, Byblis, Protomedia, Anonyx, Photis, Pleustidae | [70] |
Black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla | Bering Sea, Northern Pacific | Ampelisca, Byblis, Pontoporia, Anonyx, Lembos | [70] |
Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis | Svalbard area, North Atlantic | Anonyx nugax, Apherusa glacialis, Gammarellus homari, Gammarus wilkitzkii | [71] |
Black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla | Svalbard area, North Atlantic | Anonyx nugax, Apherusa glacialis, Gammarellus homari, Gammarus wilkitzkii | [71] |
Ivory gull Pagophila eburnea | Svalbard area, North Atlantic | Anonyx nugax, Apherusa glacialis, Gammarellus homari, Gammarus wilkitzkii | [71] |
Brünnich’s guillemot Uria lomvia | Svalbard area, North Atlantic | Anonyx nugax, Apherusa glacialis, Gammarellus homari, Gammarus wilkitzkii | [71] |
Black guillemot Cepphus grille | Svalbard area, North Atlantic | Anonyx nugax, Apherusa glacialis, Gammarellus homari, Gammarus wilkitzkii | [71] |
Little auk Alie alle | Svalbard area, North Atlantic | Anonyx nugax, Apherusa glacialis, Gammarellus homari, Gammarus wilkitzkii | [71] |
Redshank Triga totanus | Bristol Channel, Atlantic | Corophium volutator | [57,64] |
Sandpiper Calidris pusilla | Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, Canada | Corophium volutator | [59] |
Sandpiper Calidris pusilla | Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, Canada | Corophium volutator | [60] |
Sandpiper Calidris pusilla | Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, Canada | Corophium volutator | [62] |
Sandpiper Calidris pusilla | Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, Canada | Corophium volutator | [63] |
Sandpiper Calidris pusilla | Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada | Corophium volutator | [48] |
Varied thrushes Ixoreus naevius | Clallam County, Washington, Pacific | Megalorchestia californiana, Traskorchestia traskiana | [56] |
Turnstone Arenaria interpres | North Wales, NE Atlantic | Gammarus, Marinogammarus, Talitrus saltator | [34] |
Dunlin Calidris alpina | Eastern part of the English Channel, Atlantic | Gammaridea, Bathyporeia | [68] |
Gray plover Pluvialis squatarola | Eastern part of the English Channel, Atlantic | Gammaridea, Bathyporeia | [68] |
Sanderling Calidris alba | Eastern part of the English Channel, Atlantic | Gammaridea, Bathyporeia | [68] |
Cephalopods | |||
Cuttlefish Sepia officinalis | Bay of Biscay, Morbiban Gulf, NE Atlantic | Phtisica marina, Dexamine spinosa, Chaetogammarus marinus, Ampelisca brevicornis | [31] |
Cuttlefish Sepia officinalis | Bay of Biscay, NE Atlantic | Amphipoda, Phtisica marina | [107] |
Cuttlefish Sepia officinalis | Southern Morocco, NE Atlantic | Amphipoda | [32] |
Cuttlefish Sepia officinalis | Bay of Saint-Brieuc, English Channel | Amphipoda | [33] |
Cuttlefish Sepia officinalis | Eastern part of the English Channel | Gammaridae, Megaluropus agilis | [74] |
Fish | |||
Ray-finned fish Gerlachea australis | Southern Ocean | Benthic Gammaridea | [24] |
Mawson’s dragonfish Cygnodraco mawsoni | Southern Ocean | Benthic Gammaridea | [24] |
Barbled plunderfish Artedidraco mirus | Southern Ocean | Benthic Gammaridea | [24] |
Barbled plunderfish Artedidraco orianae | Southern Ocean | Benthic Gammaridea | [24] |
Marbled plunderfish Pogonophryne marmorata | Southern Ocean | Benthic Gammaridea | [24] |
Magellan plunderfish Harpagifer bispinis | Southern Ocean | Benthic Gammaridea | [24] |
Antarctic spiny plunderfish Harpagifer antracticus | Southern Ocean | Benthic Gammaridea | [24] |
Humped rockcod Gobionotothen gibberifrons | Southern Ocean | Benthic Gammaridea | [24] |
Antarctic yellowbelly rockcod Nothothenia coriiceps | Southern Ocean | Benthic Gammaridea | [24] |
Cod icefish Lepidonothen nudifrons | Southern Ocean | Benthic Gammaridea | [24] |
Pink cusk-eel Genypterus blacodes | South Atlantic, Argentina coast | Gammaridae, Caprellidae, Ampelisca | [30] |
Shiner perch Cymatogaster aggregata | Padilla Bay, Washington, USA | Caprellidae Caprella laeviuscula | [80] |
Black croaker Atrobucca nibe | Southern coastal waters of Zhejiang, China | Gammaridea, Ampelisca, Monoculodes | [45] |
Gurnard Trigla lineata | Off Plymouth, English Channel | Amphipoda | [16] |
Common dragonet Callionymus lyra | Off Plymouth, English Channel | Amphipoda | [16] |
Young plaice Pleuronectes platessa | Off Plymouth, English Channel | Amphipoda | [16] |
Ray Raja clavata | Off Plymouth, English Channel | Amphipoda, Ampelisca | [16] |
Ray Raja maculata | Off Plymouth, English Channel | Amphipoda, Ampelisca | [16] |
Ray Raja spp. | Bay of Morlaix, English Channel | Gammaridea, Ampelisca, Ampelisca spinipes, Bathyporeia | [18] |
Whiting Merlangius merlangus | Bay of Morlaix, English Channel | Gammaridea, Ampelisca, Bathyporeia | [18] |
Pouting Trisopterus luscus | Bay of Morlaix, English Channel | Gammaridea, Ampelisca | [18] |
Poor cod Trisopterus minutus | Bay of Morlaix, English Channel | Gammaridae, Ampelisca, Ampelisca sarsi, Bathyporeia elegans, Apherusa | [18] |
Surmullet Mullus surmuletus | Bay of Morlaix, English Channel | Gammaridea, Ampelisca, Bathyporeia | [18] |
Lesser weever Echiichthys vipera | Bay of Morlaix, English Channel | Gammaridea, Bathyporeia | [18] |
Gobies Pomatoschistus | Bay of Morlaix, English Channel | Gammaridea, Ampelisca | [18] |
Common dragonet Callionymus lyra | Bay of Morlaix, English Channel | Gammaridea, Ampelisca, Bathyporeia | [18] |
European plaice Pleuronectes platessa | Bay of Morlaix, English Channel | Gammaridea | [18] |
Dover sole Solea vulgaris | Bay of Morlaix, English Channel | Gammaridea, Ampelisca, Ampelisca sarsi, Bathyporeia | [18] |
Mediterranean scaldfish Arnoglossus laterna | Bay of Saint-Brieuc, English Channel | Amphipoda | [33] |
Solenette Buglossidium luteum | Bay of Saint-Brieuc, English Channel | Amphipoda | [33] |
Common dragonet Callionymus lyra | Bay of Saint-Brieuc, English Channel | Amphipoda | [33] |
Black goby Gobius niger | Bay of Saint-Brieuc, English Channel | Amphipoda | [33] |
Surmullet Mullus surmuletus | Bay of Saint-Brieuc, English Channel | Amphipoda | [33] |
Black sea bream Spondyliosoma cantharus | Bay of Saint-Brieuc, English Channel | Amphipoda | [33] |
European flounder Platichthys flesus | Bay of Seine, English Channel | Cherirocratus sundewalli, Pariambus typicus | [78] |
Poor cod Trisopterus minutus | Bay of Seine, English Channel | Gammaridea | [78] |
Ray Raja clavata | Bay of Seine, English Channel | Gammaridea, Pariambus typicus | [78] |
Dover sole Solea vulgaris | Bay of Seine, English Channel | Gammaridea | [78] |
Lesser weever Echiichthys vipera | Bay of Seine, English Channel | Gammaridea | [78] |
Pogge Agonus cataphractus | Bay of Seine, English Channel | Gammaridea | [78] |
Solenette Buglossidium luteum | Bay of Seine, English Channel | Gammaridea, Abdulomelita obtusata, Ampelisca brevicornis, A. spinipes, A. tenuicornis, Bathyporeia, Corophium volutator, Leucothoe incisa, Megaluropus agilis, Melita palmata, Moncoculodes, Orchomenella nana, Perioculodes longimanus, Pontocrates altamarinus, Urothoe elegans | [79] |
Plaice Pleuronectes platessa | Bay of Seine, English Channel | Gammaridea, Ampelisca brevicornis, Pontocrates altamarinus | [79] |
Dover sole Solea vulgaris | Bay of Seine, English Channel | Ampelisca brevicornis, A. spinipes, Corophium volutator, Ischyroceridae, Megaluropus agilis, Monoculodes, Orchomenella nana, Perioculodes longimanus | [79] |
Ray Raja clavata | Eastern part of the English Channel | Gammaridae, Megaluropus agilis | [74] |
Whiting Merlangius merlangus | Eastern part of the English Channel | Gammaridae, Megaluropus agilis | [74] |
Lesser weever Echiichthys vipera | Eastern part of the English Channel | Gammaridae, Apherusa bispinosa | [74] |
Common dragonet Callionymus lyra | Eastern part of the English Channel | Gammaridae, Apherusa bispinosa | [74] |
Plaice Pleuronectes platessa | Eastern part of the English Channel | Gammaridae, Megaluropus agilis | [74] |
Common dab Limanda limanda | Eastern part of the English Channel | Gammaridae, Megaluropus agilis | [74] |
Dover sole Solea vulgaris | Eastern part of the English Channel | Gammaridae, Apherusa bispinosa | [74] |
Solenette Buglossidium luteum | Eastern part of the English Channel | Gammaridae, Megaluropus agilis | [74] |
Mediterranean scaldfish Arnoglossus laterna | Eastern part of the English Channel | Gammaridae, Apherusa bispinosa, Megaluropus agilis | [74] |
Pogge Agonus cataphractus | Eastern part of the English Channel | Gammaridae, Megaluropus agilis | [74] |
Pouting Trisopterus luscus | Thorntonbank, Belgian part of the North Sea | Jassa hermani, Apolochus neapolitanus, Stenothoe marina, Corophium, Phtisica marina, Megaluropus agilis | [103] |
Cod Gadus morhua | Wind farms, Belgian part of the North Sea | Jassa herdmani, Monocorophium acherusicum, Phtisica marina, Stenothoe valida | [42] |
Pouting Trisopterus luscus | Wind farms, Belgian part of the North Sea | Amphipoda, Jassa herdmani, Monocorophium acherusicum, Phtisica marina, Stenothoe valida | [42] |
Atlantic horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus | Wind farms, Belgian part of the North Sea | Jassa herdmani, Monocorophium acherusicum | [42] |
Flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus | North Bay of Fundy, Canada | Corophium volutator | [76] |
Ray Leucoraja ocellata | North Bay of Fundy, Canada | Corophium volutator | [76] |
Alaska skate Bathyraja parmifera | Kuril Islands and Kamchatka, North Pacific | Amphipoda | [81] |
Alaska skate Bathyraja matsubarai | Kuril Islands and Kamchatka, North Pacific | Amphipoda | [81] |
Aleurian skate Bathyraja aleutica | Kuril Islands and Kamchatka, North Pacific | Amphipoda | [81] |
White blotched skate Bathyraja maculata | Kuril Islands and Kamchatka, North Pacific | Amphipoda | [81] |
Sandpaper skate Bathyraja interrupta | Kuril Islands and Kamchatka, North Pacific | Amphipoda | [81] |
Okkotsk skate Bathyraja violacea | Kuril Islands and Kamchatka, North Pacific | Amphipoda | [81] |
Brown skate Bathyraja minispinosa | Kuril Islands and Kamchatka, North Pacific | Amphipoda | [81] |
Ray Raja brachyura | Bay of Douarnenez, Northeastern Atlantic | Amphipoda, Kroyera carinata | [22] |
Ray Raja clavata | Bay of Douarnenez, Northeastern Atlantic | Amphipoda | [22] |
Ray Raja montagui | Bay of Douarnenez, Northeastern Atlantic | Amphipoda, Ampelisca brevicornis, A. spinipes, Bathyporeia pelagica, Kroyera carinata | [22] |
Boarfish Capros aper | Offshore Arcahon, Bay of Biscay, Atlantic | Gammaridea | [19] |
Surmullet Mullus surmuletus | Offshore Arcahon, Bay of Biscay, Atlantic | Gammaridea, Kroyera carinata | [19] |
Longfin gurnard Chelidonichthys obscurus | Offshore Arcahon, Bay of Biscay, Atlantic | Gammaridea, Westwoodilia caecula | [19] |
Dover sole Solea vulgaris | Offshore Arcahon, Bay of Biscay, Atlantic | Gammaridea, Hippomedon denticulatus, Ampelisca brevicornis | [19] |
Sand sole Pegusa lascaris | Offshore Arcahon, Bay of Biscay, Atlantic | Gammaridea, Hippomedon denticulatus, Ampelisca brevicornis | [19] |
Wedge sole Dicologlossa cuneata | Offshore Arcahon, Bay of Biscay, Atlantic | Gammaridea, Hippomedon denticulatus, Ampelisca brevicornis | [19] |
Atlantic cod Gadus morhua | Northwestern Atlantic, shallow Southeast Shoal | Anonyx sarsi, Psammonyx terranovae, Hippomedon serratus, Monoculodes edwardsi, M. tuberculatus, M. intermedius, Unciola irrorata, Amphiporeia lawrenciana, Acathohaustorius spinosus, Pontogeneia inermis, Metopa alderi, Ischyrocerus anguipes, Corophium bonelli, Paramphithoe hystrix, Pardalisca cuspidatus, Tiron acanthurus, Caprella septentrionalis, Aeginina longicornis | [82] |
Atlantic cod Gadus morhua | Northwestern Atlantic, sympagic ice associated | Pseudalibrotus nanseni, Gammarus wilkitzkii, Pseudalibrotus glacialis, Gammaracanthus loricatus | [82] |
Atlantic cod Gadus morhua | Northwestern Atlantic, Grand Bank | Anonyx nugax, A. laticoxae, A. lilljeborgi, Eusirus cuspidatus, Rozinante fragilis, Unciola leucopis, Onisimus edwardsi, Haploops tubicola, Arrhis phylloyx, Paroediceros lynceus, Melita dentata, Ischyrocerus commensalis | [82] |
Atlantic cod Gadus morhua | Northwestern Atlantic, Cold Intermediate Layer | Anonyx makarovi | [82] |
Atlantic cod Gadus morhua | Northwestern Atlantic, Continental Slope | Anonyx nugax, A. ochoticus, A. compactus, Tmetonyx cicada, Haploops setosa, Stenopleustes latipes, Eusirus holmi, Maera loveni, Goesia depressa, Ischyrocerus megacheir, Orchomene serratus, Uristes umbonatus, Aristias tumidus, Stegocephalus inflatus, Haliragoides inermis, Eurysteus melanops, Lilljeborgia fîssicornis, Protomedeia stephenseni, Neohela monstrosa, Ischyrocerus latipes | [82] |
Atlantic cod Gadus morhua | Northwestern Atlantic, all depths | Ampelisca eschrichti, A. macrocephala, Byblis gaimardi, Erichthonius hunteri, Tmetonyx albidus, Syrrhoe crenulatus, Rhachotropis aculeata | [82] |
Flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus | Starrs Point, NE of the Bay of Fundy, Canada | Corophium volutator | [76,83] |
Ray Leucoraja ocellata | Starrs Point, NE of the Bay of Fundy, Canada | Corophium volutator | [76,83] |
Atlantic cod Gadus morhua | Block Island, Rhode Island, Atlantic | Gammaridae, Ampeliscidae, Aoridae, Melitidae, Caprella penantis, Unciola | [105] |
Red hake Urophycis chuss | Block Island, Rhode Island, Atlantic | Gammaridae, Ampeliscidae, Aoridae, Melitidae, Caprella penantis, Unciola | [105] |
Silver hake Merluccius bilinearis | Block Island, Rhode Island, Atlantic | Ampeliscidae, Aoridae, Gammaridae, Pleustidae, Unciola | [105] |
Spotted hake Urophycis regia | Block Island, Rhode Island, Atlantic | Amphipoda, Ampeliscidae, Aoridae, Gammaridae, Pleustidae, Lysianassidae, Caprella penantis, Unciola | [105] |
Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus | Block Island, Rhode Island, Atlantic | Amphipoda, Ampeliscidae, Aoridae, Gammaridae, Melitidae, Pleustidae, Unciola | [105] |
Winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus | Block Island, Rhode Island, Atlantic | Gammaridae, Lysianassidae, Melitidae, Oridae, Photidae, Pleustidae, Calliopus laeviusculus, Caprella penantis, Listriella, Unciola | [105] |
Black sea bass Centropristis striata | Block Island, Rhode Island, Atlantic | Ampeliscidae, Aoridae, Gammaridae, Unciola | [105] |
Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus | Block Island, Rhode Island, Atlantic | Ampeliscidae, Gammaridae | [105] |
Windowpane flounder Scophthalmus aquosus | Block Island, Rhode Island, Atlantic | Gammaridae | [105] |
Yellowtail flounder Limanda ferruginea | Block Island, Rhode Island, Atlantic | Ampeliscidae, Gammaridae | [105] |
Labrid fish Coris julis | Sardinia, Mediterranean Sea | Aora spinicornis, Phtisica marina, Apherusa chiereghinii | [51] |
Black croaker Atrobucca nibe | Southern coastal waters of Zhejiang, China | Gammaridea, Ampelisca, Monoculodes | [45] |
Mammals | |||
Walruses Odobenus rosmarus | Bering Sea, North Pacific | Amphipoda, Ampeliscidae | [86] |
Gray whale Eschrichtius robustus | North Pacific | Ampeliscidae, Ampelisca, Byblis | [86,90] |
Gray whale Eschrichtius robustus | Bering and Chukchi Seas, Pacific | Pontoporeia femorata, P. affinis, Anonyx nugax, Ampelisca macrocephala, A. eschrichtii, Nototropis brueggeni, N. ekmani | [94,96] |
Gray whale Eschrichtius robustus | Vancouver Island, North Pacific | Ampelisca, Atylus borealis | [37] |
Gray whale Eschrichtius robustus | Vancouver Island, North Pacific | Ampelisca agassizi, A. careyi | [95] |
Gray whale Eschrichtius robustus | Kamchatka North Pacific Ocean | Ampelisca eschrichtii | [98] |
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November 1977 | April 1980 to April 1981 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Grab | Stomach | Grab | Stomach | |
Polychaeta | 93.4 | 16.7 | 520.8 | 131.0 |
Bivalvia | 4.3 | 62.8 | 105.6 | 42.1 |
Gastropoda | 0.3 | 0 | 3.9 | 0.4 |
Ophiuroidea | 1.49 | 12.6 | 7.9 | 7.1 |
Natantia Decapoda | 0.4 | 146.0 | 2.3 | 117.7 |
Macroura Decapoda | 0 | 8.4 | 0.05 | 1.3 |
Brachyoura Decapoda | 0.3 | 25.1 | 0.6 | 30.6 |
Anomoura Decapoda | 0.1 | 25.1 | 1.1 | 46.6 |
Cumacea | 0.1 | 0 | 1.5 | 4.0 |
Isopoda | 0.2 | 12.6 | 0.6 | 1.1 |
Ampelisca spp. | 887.1 | 631.8 | 252.4 | 152.3 |
Other Amphipoda | 10.3 | 54.4 | 99.4 | 392.1 |
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Dauvin, J.-C. Overview of Predation by Birds, Cephalopods, Fish and Marine Mammals on Marine Benthic Amphipods. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12, 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030403
Dauvin J-C. Overview of Predation by Birds, Cephalopods, Fish and Marine Mammals on Marine Benthic Amphipods. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2024; 12(3):403. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030403
Chicago/Turabian StyleDauvin, Jean-Claude. 2024. "Overview of Predation by Birds, Cephalopods, Fish and Marine Mammals on Marine Benthic Amphipods" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 3: 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030403
APA StyleDauvin, J. -C. (2024). Overview of Predation by Birds, Cephalopods, Fish and Marine Mammals on Marine Benthic Amphipods. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12(3), 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030403