El Niño–Southern Oscillation Diversity: Effect on Upwelling Center Intensity and Its Biological Response
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. ENSO Diversity
2.3. Wind Data and Ekman Transport
2.4. Sea Surface Chlorophyll-a Concentration
2.5. Wavelet Transform
2.6. Wavelet Coherence
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. ENSO and Upwelling Intensity: Interannual Coherence
4.2. Annual and Semiannual Coherence: ENSO and Ekman Transport
4.3. ENSO Development and Conditions in Pacific for Coherence Events
4.4. ENSO and Biological Response: Interannual Coherence
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Event | Phase | Type | Coherence Lead ET (Time Months) | Coherence Chl-a | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ENS | NPE | PE | BM | ENS | NPE | PE | BM | |||
1994/95 | El Niño | CP | 1–2 * (1–2) | 0 * | 0–4 * | - | - | - | - | |
1996/97 | La Niña | EP | - | - | - | - | ||||
1997/98 | El Niño | EP | 3–4 | 0–2 | 4–5 | 1–5 | - | - | - | - |
1998/99 | La Niña | CP | 1 | |||||||
1999/00 | La Niña | CP | c | 2 | 0–2 | 1 | 2 * (2) | 0 * | 0 * | |
2001/01 | La Niña | CP | 1–2 * (2–3) | 2 | 0 * | 0 * | ||||
2002/03 | El Niño | CP | 0 * | |||||||
2004/05 | El Niño | CP | 1 * (2) | |||||||
2007/08 | La Niña | CP | 0 | 1–2 * | ||||||
2008/09 | La Niña | CP | 0 * | 0 * | 1–2 * | 1 * | 1–4 | |||
2009/10 | El Niño | CP | 1–4 | 0–2 | 0–1 * (4–5) | 4 | 1–2 * (2) | 1 (3–4 *) | ||
I confirm2010/11 | La Niña | CP | 0 | 1–2 * | 21 * | 1–2 | ||||
2011/12 | La Niña | CP | 0 | 1–2 * | 0–2 * (4) | 1 * | 2–3 | |||
2014/15 | El Niño | CP | 0 * | 4 * | 4–5 | 1–2 * | 0 * (2–3) | |||
2015/16 | El Niño | EP | 1–2 * | 4 * | 0–4 | 1–2 * | ||||
2017/18 | La Niña | EP | 4–5 | 1–2 | ||||||
2018/19 | El Niño | CP | 0 * (0–1) | |||||||
2019/20 | El Niño | CP | 1 * | 5 | 0–1 | |||||
2020/21 | La Niña | EP | 0 * | |||||||
2021/22 | La Niña | CP | 0 | 0 * |
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El Niño | La Niña | |
---|---|---|
EP | 1997/98, 2015/16 | 1996/97, 2017/18, 2021/22 |
CP | 1994/95, 2002/03, 2004/05, 2009/10, 2014/15, 2018/19, 2019/20 | 1998/99, 1999/00, 2000/01, 2007/08, 2008/09, 2010/11, 2011/12, 2020/21 |
Region | Upwelling Center | Long Term Mean (m s−1) | Standard Deviation | Month (Minimum Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bahía Magdalena | Isla Santa Margarita | −3.82 × 10−9 | 1.82 × 10−9 | June (−5.58 × 10−9) |
Puerto Magdalena | −4.18 × 10−9 | 1.96 × 10−9 | June (−5.94 × 10−9) | |
Punta Eugenia | San Pablo | −2.34 × 10−9 | 0.97 × 10−9 | April (−3.43 × 10−9) |
Clambey | −3.12 × 10−9 | 1.24 × 10−9 | April (−4.71 × 10−9) | |
North of Punta Eugenia | María | −1.95 × 10−9 | 0.79 × 10−9 | April (−2.85 × 10−9) |
Punta Prieta | −3.38 × 10−9 | 1.35 × 10−9 | April (−4.85 × 10−9) | |
Ensenada | San Antonio del Mar | −1.85 × 10−10 | 4.13 × 10−10 | December (−1.98 × 10−9) |
La Bocana | −4.21 × 10−10 | 2.73 × 10−10 | December (−1.37 × 10−9) |
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Gutiérrez-Cárdenas, G.S.; Morales-Acuña, E.; Tenorio-Fernández, L.; Gómez-Gutiérrez, J.; Cervantes-Duarte, R.; Aguíñiga-García, S. El Niño–Southern Oscillation Diversity: Effect on Upwelling Center Intensity and Its Biological Response. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12, 1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071061
Gutiérrez-Cárdenas GS, Morales-Acuña E, Tenorio-Fernández L, Gómez-Gutiérrez J, Cervantes-Duarte R, Aguíñiga-García S. El Niño–Southern Oscillation Diversity: Effect on Upwelling Center Intensity and Its Biological Response. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2024; 12(7):1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071061
Chicago/Turabian StyleGutiérrez-Cárdenas, Gabriel Santiago, Enrique Morales-Acuña, Leonardo Tenorio-Fernández, Jaime Gómez-Gutiérrez, Rafael Cervantes-Duarte, and Sergio Aguíñiga-García. 2024. "El Niño–Southern Oscillation Diversity: Effect on Upwelling Center Intensity and Its Biological Response" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 7: 1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071061