Improvement of Ferulic Acid Antioxidant Activity by Multiple Emulsions: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Emulsions
2.3. Chemical-Physical Characterization of Emulsions:
2.3.1. Morphological Analysis by Optical Microscopy
2.3.2. Stability, Homogeneity of the Samples and Diameter Kinetic Profiles
2.4. In Vitro Release of Ferulic Acid
2.5. HPLC Determination of Ferulic Acid
2.6. Percutaneous Membranes Permeation through Human Stratum Corneum and Epidermis (SCE)
2.6.1. Isolation of SCE-Membranes
2.6.2. Percutaneous Permeation Studies
2.7. In Vivo Tolerability Studies
2.8. In Vivo Evaluations of the Photoprotective Effect of Ferulic Acid
2.9. Statistical Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Preparation and Chemical-Physical Characterization of Emulsions
3.2. In Vitro Release and Percutaneous Permeation of Ferulic Acid
3.3. In Vivo Studies
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Oil Phase | % w/w | Aqueous Phase | % w/w |
---|---|---|---|---|
ME | Brij 72 | 3.00 | ||
Brij 721 | 2.00 | |||
Stearic acid | 1.50 | Bidistilled water | 73.80 | |
Cetyl alcohol | 1.00 | Glycerin | 4.00 | |
Arlamol HD | 4.00 | Preservant | 0.20 | |
Arlamol E | 5.00 | |||
Arlacel P135 | 0.50 | |||
Dimethicone | 5.00 | |||
W/O | Estol 3603 | 7.50 | Bidistilled water | 61.00 |
Arlamol HD | 15.00 | |||
Arlamol E | 7.50 | |||
Arlacel P135 | 4.00 | |||
Dimethicone | 5.00 | |||
O/W | Estol 3603 | 7.50 | Bidistilled water | 59.60 |
Arlamol HD | 7.50 | Poloxamer 407 | 4.00 | |
Arlamol E | 15.00 | MgSO4·7H2O | 0.70 | |
Dimethicone | 5.00 | Carbomer | 0.25 | |
Triethanolamine | 0.25 | |||
Preservant | 0.20 |
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Mancuso, A.; Cristiano, M.C.; Pandolfo, R.; Greco, M.; Fresta, M.; Paolino, D. Improvement of Ferulic Acid Antioxidant Activity by Multiple Emulsions: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 425. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11020425
Mancuso A, Cristiano MC, Pandolfo R, Greco M, Fresta M, Paolino D. Improvement of Ferulic Acid Antioxidant Activity by Multiple Emulsions: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11(2):425. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11020425
Chicago/Turabian StyleMancuso, Antonia, Maria Chiara Cristiano, Rosanthony Pandolfo, Manfredi Greco, Massimo Fresta, and Donatella Paolino. 2021. "Improvement of Ferulic Acid Antioxidant Activity by Multiple Emulsions: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation" Nanomaterials 11, no. 2: 425. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11020425