A Comparative Assessment of the Chronic Effects of Micro- and Nano-Plastics on the Physiology of the Mediterranean Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Lysosomal Parameters
2.2.1. Lysosomal Membrane Stability (LMS)
2.2.2. Histopathological Alterations
2.3. Biochemical and Enzymatic Biomarkers
2.4. Immunological Parameters
2.4.1. Lysozyme Enzymatic Assay
2.4.2. Phagocytosis
2.5. Statistical Analysis and Data Integration
3. Results
3.1. Effects of PS-MP and PS-NP on Lysosomal Parameters of General Stress
3.2. Effects of PS-MP and PS-NP on Levels of LF and MDA
3.3. Effects of PS-MP and PS-NP on the Activities of GST and CAT
3.4. Effects of PS-MP and PS-NP on Immunological and Neurological Parameters
3.5. PCA and MES Data Integration
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biomarker | 1.5 ng/L MP | 15 ng/L MP | 150 ng/L MP | 1.5 ng/L NP | 15 ng/L NP | 150 ng/L NP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cell | |||||||
LMSGP | AF | NV | 0.70 * | 0.59 * | 0.70 * | 0.42 * | 0.33 * |
AL | NV | - | - | - | -- | -- | |
NL | AF | 1.93 * | 1.82 * | 1.49 * | 1.60 * | 1.79 * | 1.75 * |
AL | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
LF | AF | 2.37 * | 2.04 * | 1.78 | 0.73 | 1.06 | 1.74 * |
AL | + | NV | NV | NV | NV | + | |
MDA | AF | 2.08 | 2.38 | 2.67 * | 1.00 | 0.89 | 2.19 * |
AL | NV | NV | ++ | NV | NV | ++ | |
GSTdg | AF | 1.15 | 0.96 | 1.13 | 1.27 | 1.30 | 1.27 |
AL | NV | NV | NV | NV | NV | NV | |
GSTg | AF | 1.18 | 1.04 | 1.13 | 0.94 | 1.35 * | 1.40 * |
AL | NV | NV | NV | NV | + | + | |
CATdg | AF | 0.93 | 1.06 | 0.71 | 1.17 | 0.61 | 1.25 |
AL | NV | NV | NV | NV | NV | NV | |
CATg | AF | 2.19 * | 2.24 * | 1.00 | 1.86 * | 1.44 | 1.38 |
AL | ++ | ++ | NV | + | NV | NV | |
AChE | AF | 1.05 | 0.77 | 0.78 | 0.88 | 0.65 * | 0.80 |
AL | NV | NV | NV | NV | - | NV | |
Lysozyme | AF | 0.48 * | 0.45 * | 1.13 | 1.75 * | 0.40 | 0.41 |
AL | NV | NV | NV | + | NV | NV | |
Phagocythosis | AF | 0.72 * | 0.66 * | 0.90 | 0.82 | 0.92 | 0.95 |
AL | NV | NV | NV | NV | NV | NV | |
Tissue | |||||||
LYS/CYT | AF | 1.11 | 1.18 | 1.31 | 1.30 * | 1.27 * | 1.16 |
AL | NV | NV | NV | + | + | NV | |
Organism | |||||||
Survival | AF | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
AL | NV | NV | NV | NV | NV | NV | |
HSI | A (Healthy) | B (Low stress) | B (Low stress) | C (Moderate stress) | D (High stress) | C (Moderate stress) |
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Capolupo, M.; Valbonesi, P.; Fabbri, E. A Comparative Assessment of the Chronic Effects of Micro- and Nano-Plastics on the Physiology of the Mediterranean Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 649. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11030649
Capolupo M, Valbonesi P, Fabbri E. A Comparative Assessment of the Chronic Effects of Micro- and Nano-Plastics on the Physiology of the Mediterranean Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11(3):649. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11030649
Chicago/Turabian StyleCapolupo, Marco, Paola Valbonesi, and Elena Fabbri. 2021. "A Comparative Assessment of the Chronic Effects of Micro- and Nano-Plastics on the Physiology of the Mediterranean Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis" Nanomaterials 11, no. 3: 649. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11030649