Heavy Metals Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes: Effect of MWCNTs Dispersion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Experimental Procedures
2.2.1. Preparation of MWCNTs Suspensions
2.2.2. Preparation of Heavy Metal Ions Solutions
2.2.3. Adsorption Tests
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. MWCNTs Suspensions
3.2. Heavy Metal Ions Removal
3.3. Competitive Adsorption Tests
3.4. Adsorption Tests Using a Mixture of SDBS and Pluronic F-127
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Surfactant | Charge (−) | Chain Type | Dzav (nm) | Zav (mV) | MWav (kDa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SDBS | Anionic | Linear | 81.02 | −66.97 | 363 |
Pluronic F-127 | Non-ionic | Linear | 6.92 | −0.43 | 9.49 |
PolyDADMAC MMW | Cationic | Linear | 48.58 | 69.47 | 240 |
Surfactant | Surfactant Concentration (w/w %) | MWCNTs Concentration (w/w %) | Dzav (nm) |
---|---|---|---|
No-surfactant | - | 536.4 ± 4.5 | |
SDBS | 0.03 | 0.01 | 180.5 ± 2.3 |
Pluronic F-127 | 0.03 | 187.3 ± 3.8 | |
PolyDADMAC MMW | 0.03 | 307.7 ± 6.3 | |
0.1 | 363.0 ± 23.1 |
SDBS | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb (II) | Cu (II) | Ni (II) | Zn (II) | |||||
Time (h) | Concentration (mg/L) | % of Removal | Concentration (mg/L) | % of Removal | Concentration (mg/L) | % of Removal | Concentration (mg/L) | % of Removal |
0 | 2.98 | 0.0 | 2.38 | 0.0 | 2.64 | 0.0 | 3.43 | 0.0 |
4 | 0.68 | 77.2 | 0.41 | 82.8 | 0.63 | 76.0 | 0.09 | 97.5 |
18 | 0.64 | 78.5 | 0.37 | 84.6 | 0.73 | 72.2 | 0.02 | 99.4 |
24 | 0.66 | 77.9 | 0.36 | 84.8 | 0.72 | 72.6 | 0.75 | 78.2 |
168 | 0.34 | 88.6 | 0.22 | 90.7 | 0.81 | 69.4 | 0.63 | 81.7 |
Pluronic F-127 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb (II) | Cu (II) | Ni (II) | Zn (II) | |||||
Time (h) | Concentration (mg/L) | % of Removal | Concentration (mg/L) | % of Removal | Concentration (mg/L) | % of Removal | Concentration (mg/L) | % of Removal |
0 | 3.33 | 0.00 | 5.41 | 0.00 | 2.64 | 0.00 | 3.43 | 0.00 |
4 | 0.02 | 99.4 | 0.00 | 100 | 0.61 | 77.0 | 0.07 | 98.0 |
18 | 0.01 | 99.7 | 0.00 | 100 | 0.00 | 100 | 0.05 | 98.6 |
24 | 0.05 | 98.5 | 0.12 | 97.8 | 0.50 | 81.2 | 0.15 | 95.5 |
168 | 0.01 | 99.7 | 0.32 | 94.0 | 0.63 | 76.2 | 0.35 | 89.9 |
PolyDADMAC MMW | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb (II) | Cu (II) | Ni (II) | Zn (II) | |||||
Time (h) | Concentration (mg/L) | % of Removal | Concentration (mg/L) | % of Removal | Concentration (mg/L) | % of Removal | Concentration (mg/L) | % of Removal |
0 | 3.33 | 0.0 | 5.41 | 0.0 | 3.74 | 0.0 | 3.8 | 0.0 |
4 | 0.24 | 92.8 | 0.35 | 93.6 | 1.07 | 71.4 | 0.76 | 79.9 |
18 | 0.23 | 93.1 | 0.37 | 93.2 | 1.05 | 71.9 | 0.74 | 80.5 |
24 | 0.11 | 96.7 | 0.33 | 93.9 | 1.03 | 72.4 | 0.76 | 80.0 |
168 | 0.04 | 98.8 | 0.47 | 91.3 | 1.05 | 72.0 | 0.72 | 81.1 |
Stirring at 100 rpm | No Stirring | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Time (h) | Ni(II) Concentration (mg/L) | Ni (II) Removal (%) | Ni(II) Concentration (mg/L) | Ni (II) Removal (%) |
0 | 2.64 | 0.0 | 2.64 | 0.0 |
4 | 0.61 | 77.0 | 0.62 | 76.7 |
18 | 0.0 | 100 | 0.78 | 70.6 |
24 | 0.50 | 81.2 | 0.76 | 71.1 |
168 | 0.63 | 76.2 | 0.98 | 62.9 |
Metal | Removal % | Reference |
---|---|---|
Ni (II) | 35 76.12 92.79 100 90 | Oxidized CNTs [24] Purified CNTs (HNO3/H2SO4, 1:3) [48] PEG modified CNTs [48] Present work—maximum removal obtained Chitosan modified CNTs [49] |
Pb (II) | 90.7 97.16 99.7 | Purified CNTs (HNO3/H2SO4, 1:3) [48] PEG modified CNTs [48] Present work—maximum removal obtained |
Cu (II) | 99.09 99.99 95 100 | Purified CNTs (HNO3/H2SO4, 1:3) [48] PEG modified CNTs [48] Chitosan modified CNTs [49] Present work—maximum removal obtained |
Zn (II) | 95.4 90.3 98.6 | Oxidized CNTs, pH 5.4 [23] NaOCl purified CNTs [27] Present work—maximum removal obtained |
SDBS | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time (h) | Pb (mg/L) | Cu (mg/L) | Ni (mg/L) | Zn (mg/L) | % Removal | |||
Pb (%) | Cu (%) | Ni (%) | Zn (%) | |||||
0 | 3.69 | 6.58 | 2.64 | 3.30 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
4 | 0.70 | 1.55 | 0.18 | 0.28 | 81.0 | 76.4 | 93.2 | 91.5 |
18 | 0.71 | 1.77 | 0.18 | 0.28 | 80.8 | 73.1 | 93.2 | 91.5 |
24 | 0.68 | 1.65 | 0.19 | 0.33 | 81.6 | 74.9 | 92.8 | 90.0 |
168 | 0.58 | 1.83 | 0.23 | 0.57 | 84.3 | 72.2 | 91.3 | 82.7 |
Pluronic F-127 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time (h) | Pb (mg/L) | Cu (mg/L) | Ni (mg/L) | Zn (mg/L) | % Removal | |||
Pb (%) | Cu (%) | Ni (%) | Zn (%) | |||||
0 | 3.69 | 6.58 | 2.64 | 3.30 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
4 | 0.61 | 1.35 | 0.46 | 0.72 | 83.5 | 79.5 | 82.6 | 78.2 |
18 | 0.63 | 1.43 | 0.44 | 0.73 | 82.9 | 78.3 | 83.3 | 77.9 |
24 | 0.39 | 1.04 | 0.43 | 0.73 | 89.4 | 84.2 | 83.7 | 77.9 |
168 | 0.20 | 0.75 | 0.39 | 0.68 | 94.6 | 88.6 | 85.2 | 79.4 |
Pb (II) Concentration (mg/L) | Pb (II) Removal (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time (h) | Mixture of Surfactants | SDBS | Pluronic F-127 | Mixture of Surfactants | SDBS | Pluronic F-127 |
0 | 2.98 | 2.98 | 3.33 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 |
4 | 0.72 | 0.68 | 0.02 | 75.8 | 77.2 | 99.4 |
18 | 0.70 | 0.64 | 0.01 | 76.5 | 78.5 | 99.7 |
24 | 0.82 | 0.66 | 0.05 | 72.5 | 77.9 | 98.5 |
168 | 0.66 | 0.34 | 0.01 | 77.9 | 88.6 | 99.7 |
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Oliveira, A.R.; Correia, A.A.; Rasteiro, M.G. Heavy Metals Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes: Effect of MWCNTs Dispersion. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 2082. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11082082
Oliveira AR, Correia AA, Rasteiro MG. Heavy Metals Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes: Effect of MWCNTs Dispersion. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11(8):2082. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11082082
Chicago/Turabian StyleOliveira, Ana Rita, António Alberto Correia, and Maria Graça Rasteiro. 2021. "Heavy Metals Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes: Effect of MWCNTs Dispersion" Nanomaterials 11, no. 8: 2082. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11082082