Efficiency of Wood-Dust of Dalbergia sisoo as Low-Cost Adsorbent for Rhodamine-B Dye Removal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Preparation of Wood Powder
2.2.2. Preparation of AC by the Carbonization Method
2.2.3. Characterization Technique of the As-Prepared AC (Db-s)
2.2.4. Methodology of Dye Adsorption
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Proximate Analysis
3.2. TGA/DSC
3.3. XRD Measurement
3.4. Raman Scattering Analysis
3.5. FTIR Analysis
3.6. N2 Adsorption/Desorption Isotherm/Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) Theory
3.7. SEM Analysis
3.8. Effects of Variable Parameters
3.8.1. Effect of pH and Contact Time on the Adsorption of RhB
3.8.2. Optimization of the Dose of AC (Db-s)
4. Conclusions
- AC was successfully prepared from the agro waste of Dalbergia sisoo by activating with H3PO4 followed by carbonization at 400 °C.
- BET measurements showed the formation of a mesoporous structure with an active surface area of 1376 m2 g−1, a pore volume of 1.2 cm3 g−1, and a pore size of 4.06 nm.
- AC (Db-s) was found to possess the best adsorption capacity at pH 8.5 and a dose of 0.030 g. Under this condition, 98.4% of 20 ppm of RhB dye was removed from an aqueous solution within 5 min.
- The results revealed that laboratory prepared phosphoric acid AC derived from agro waste such as wood dust of Dalbergia sisoo can be converted into value-added materials for the removal of toxic dyes such as RhB.
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dye | IUPAC Name | Chemical Formula | Chemical Structure | Mol. Wt. (gmol−1) | Appearance | λmax (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rhodamine B | [9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-diethylamino3-xanthenylidene]-diethylammonium chloride | C28H31ClN2O3 | | 479.02 | Reddish violet powder | 554 |
Sample | Particle Size (µm) | Activating Agent | H3PO4:Wood Powder Ratio (w/w) | Preheating Temperature (°C) | Carbonization Temperature (°C) | Carbonization Time (h) | Atmosphere |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AC (Db-s) | 150 | H3PO4 | 1:1 | 110 | 400 | 3 | N2 |
S.N. | Parameter | Observed Value (%) |
---|---|---|
1. | Moisture | 8.66 |
2. | Total ash | 1.07 |
3. | Volatile matter | 42.27 |
4. | Total carbon | 48.0 |
Name of Sample | Specific Surface Area (m2 g−1) | Pore Size (BJH ads) (nm) | Pore Volume (BJH ads) (cm3 g−1) |
---|---|---|---|
AC (Db-s) | 1376 | 4.06 | 1.2 |
S.N. | Surface Area (m2 g−1) | Number of Adsorption | Dose (g L−1) | Initial Conc.(ppm) | Adsorption Capacity (%) | D@A= |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1376 | A1 | 0.015 | 20 | 81.5 | 1.225 |
2 | A2 | 0.020 | 83.1 | 1.662 | ||
3 | A3 | 0.025 | 91.2 | 2.28 | ||
4 | A4 | 0.030 | 98.4 | 2.952 | ||
5 | A5 | 0.035 | 98.4 | 3.444 |
S.N. | No. of Adsorption (N) | Dose (g L−1) | Initial Concentration (ppm) | Adsorption Capacity (%) (X) | X − μ | (X − μ)2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A1 | 0.030 | 20 | 98.4 | 98.4 − 98.36 = −0.04 | 0.0016 |
2 | A2 | 98.2 | 98.2 − 98.36 = −0.16 | 0.0256 | ||
3 | A3 | 98.5 | 98.5 − 98.36 = 0.14 | 0.0196 | ||
4 | A4 | 98.4 | 98.4 − 98.36 = 0.04 | 0.0016 | ||
5 | A5 | 98.3 | 98.3 − 98.36 = 0.06 | 0.0036 |
S.N. | Surface Area (m2 g−1) | Dose Taken (μmg L−1) | Dose Found (μmg L−1) | Mean Standard Deviation (%) | Relative Standard Deviation (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1376 | 15 | 14.78 ± 0.226 | 98.5 | 1.5 |
2 | 20 | 19. 84 ± 0.157 | 99.2 | 0.8 | |
3 | 25 | 24.87 ± 0.126 | 99.5 | 0.5 | |
4 | 30 | 29.99 ± 0.015 | 99.9 | 0.1 | |
5 | 35 | 39.99 ± 0.012 | 99.9 | 0.1 |
S.N. | Dye | Adsorbent Dose | Result | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.020 mg | 0.025 mg | 0.030 mg | 0.035 mg | |||
1 | RhB | 83.1 | 91.2 | 98.4 | 98.4 | No effect after 0.035 mg |
Surfactant | Surface Area (m2 g−1) | Dye | pH | Initial Conc. (ppm) | Dosage (g L−1) | Time (min) | % Removal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Db-s | 1376 | RhB | 8.5 | 20 | 0.020 | 5 | 83.1 |
0.025 | 91.2 | ||||||
0.030 | 98.4 | ||||||
Com. C | 876.02 | RhB | 8.5 | 20 | 0.020 | 5 | 64.4 |
0.025 | 84 | ||||||
0.030 | 95 |
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Shrestha, D. Efficiency of Wood-Dust of Dalbergia sisoo as Low-Cost Adsorbent for Rhodamine-B Dye Removal. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 2217. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092217
Shrestha D. Efficiency of Wood-Dust of Dalbergia sisoo as Low-Cost Adsorbent for Rhodamine-B Dye Removal. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11(9):2217. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092217
Chicago/Turabian StyleShrestha, Dibyashree. 2021. "Efficiency of Wood-Dust of Dalbergia sisoo as Low-Cost Adsorbent for Rhodamine-B Dye Removal" Nanomaterials 11, no. 9: 2217. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092217