A Flexible and Robust Structural Color Film Obtained by Assembly of Surface-Modified Melanin Particles

Abstract

In this study, core–shell-hairy-type melanin particles surface modified with a polydopamine shell layer and a polymer brush hairy layer were fabricated and assembled to readily obtain bright structural color films. The hot pressing of freeze-dried samples of melanin particles decorated with a hydrophilic, low glass transition temperature polymer brush results in films that exhibit an angle-dependent structural color due to a highly periodic microstructure, with increased regularity in the arrangement of the particle array due to the fluidity of the particles. Flexible, self-supporting, and easy-to-cut and process structural color films are obtained, and their flexibility and robustness are demonstrated using compression tests. This method of obtaining highly visible structural color films using melanin particles as a single component will have a significant impact on practical materials and applications.

1. Introduction

The construction of periodically structured assemblies consisting of particles of uniform size has attracted much attention for its potential applications in various fields, such as electronics, photonics, and plasmonics [1,2,3]. Among them, many studies have reported on the progress for structural color materials obtained by the assembly of uniformly sized colloidal particles because of their high level of expandability and ease of handling [4,5,6]. Structural color films composed of colloidal particles, however, generally have low mechanical strength and require proper curing before they can be used as a material. The immobilization of microstructures using gelation [7,8], sol–gel processes [9,10], and UV curing techniques [11,12], as well as the use of inverse opals with porous structures [13,14], have been reported to be effective in developing materials for practical applications. Furthermore, the use of colloidal particles with polymers grafted onto their surfaces is also useful [15,16]. Ohno et al. [17] reported that structural color films can be easily obtained by hot pressing a mixture of silica and carbon black particles decorated with a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) brush at a temperature higher than the glass transition temperature (T_g) of the PMMA brushes [17]. However, in a binary assembly of colloidal particles, differences in the specific gravity and sphericity of the particles often result in uneven coloration [18]. Thus, developing a method to obtain vivid structural color films in the unary assembly of colloidal particles is an important issue.

In general, the whitish structural color obtained via the assembly of colloidal particles is due to multiple scattering. Therefore, improvement of the visibility of the structural color has been investigated by adding light-absorbing reagents such as carbon black [19,20] and graphene [21,22] to the system to appropriately suppress the scattered light. In organisms such as peacocks and Morpho butterflies, natural melanin, a biopolymer with excellent light absorption capacity, is used as a component of microstructures to achieve vivid structural coloration [23,24]. Polydopamine (PDA), obtained by the self-oxidative polymerization of dopamine (DA), is known as artificial melanin because its components closely resemble natural melanin [25]. While PDA-based synthetic melanin particles have been used as antioxidants [26] and metal recovery agents [27], we have serendipitously discovered that forming periodic microstructures with uniformly sized melanin particles yields a new type of biomimetic structural color material with excellent visibility [28]. Artificially synthesized melanin particles effectively suppress multiple scattering, resulting in bright structural coloration from periodic structures created by monodisperse melanin particles as a single building block [29]. We have conducted a series of fundamental studies, including the influence of the shape, composition, and assembly conditions of melanin particles on structural coloration [30,31,32,33,34,35] and the visualization of structural color using melanin precursors [36,37].

In this study, we demonstrated the preparation of flexible and robust structural color films using surface-modified melanin particles with poly hydroxyethyl acrylate (PHEA), which has a low T_g. First, melanin particles with an initiator for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) on their surface were artificially synthesized by copolymerizing dopamine (DA) and ATRP-initiator-modified DA in the presence of cerium oxide (CeO₂) core particles. The resulting samples were designated CeO₂@PDA core–shell particles. Next, a hydrophilic PHEA brush layer was formed on the CeO₂@PDA particles by surface-initiated (SI) ATRP of the HEA monomer. The synthesized samples were designated CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(X) core–shell-hairy particles (X: the thickness of the PHEA hairy layer (nm)) (Figure 1a). Aqueous dispersions of the obtained particles were dried to prepare solid pellet samples, and the effect of the PHEA hairy thickness on the structural coloration of the pellets was investigated. Finally, freeze-dried samples of CeO₂@PDA@PHEA particles were hot-pressed and cured to prepare structural color films, and their coloration and physical properties were investigated in detail (Figure 1b).

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

Dopamine hydrochloride (DA) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Japan Co., LLC. (Tokyo, Japan). Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) was obtained from Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). Copper(II) bromide (CuBr₂), L(+)-ascorbic acid sodium salt (NaAsc), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and triethylamine (TEA) were obtained from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). 2-Bromoisobutyryl bromide (BiBB), hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), and tris [2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me₆TREN) were obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). Deionized water with a resistance of 18.2 MΩ·cm was obtained using a Millipore Simplicity UV system. The CeO₂ particles coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were provided by Hokko Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan).

2.2. Measurements

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the samples were obtained using a scanning electron microscope (JSM-6510A; JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs were obtained using a transmission electron microscope (H-7650; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Reflection spectroscopy was performed using a microscopic spectrophotometer (MSV-370; JASCO, Tokyo, Japan). Angle-changing reflection spectroscopy was obtained using a reflection spectrophotometer (V-650; JASCO, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a reflection spectroscopy unit (ARSV-732; JASCO, Tokyo, Japan). Photographs of the samples were taken with a digital camera (OM-D E-M10; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Infrared absorption spectra were obtained using an attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR–FTIR) spectrometer (FT/IR 4700; JASCO, Tokyo, Japan). The hydrodynamic diameter of the particles in water was measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) (Zetasizer Nano ZS; Malvern Panalytical, Tokyo, Japan). The thermophysical properties of the polymers were examined using a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) system (NEXTA-STA; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) and a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) system (DSC7020; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were performed using a photoelectron spectrometer (JPS-9030; JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). Freeze drying of samples was conducted using a lyophilizer (FDS-1000; EYELA, Tokyo, Japan). Hot pressing of the samples was performed using a hot-press machine (H300-15; ASONE, Osaka, Japan). Compression tests were performed using a mechanical testing machine (EZ-SX; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). The origin of the compression strain was defined as the point at which the compression stress reaches 0.05 N. Young’s modulus was defined as the slope of the initial linear of the stress–strain curve in the first 5–15% strain range [38].

2.3. Preparation of the CeO₂@PDA Core–Shell Particles

The CeO₂@PDA core–shell particles were prepared by modifying the method of our previous paper [18,39]. Briefly, a mixture of DA (0.10 g, 0.53 mmol), BiBB (0.10 mL, 0.81 mmol), and TEA (0.11 mL, 0.79 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 3 h under nitrogen (N₂) gas. CeO₂ core particles (198 nm, 0.20 g), Tris (2.4 g, 20 mmol), and deionized water (180 mL) were added, and the mixture was stirred at r.t. for another 20 h. The resulting samples were separated and purified repeatedly by centrifugation (12,000 rpm for 10 min) and redispersion to obtain CeO₂@PDA core–shell particles. The diameter of the particles was determined by analysis of the TEM images of 50 particles. The PDA shell layer thickness of the core–shell particles was calculated according to the following formula:

shell layer thickness = [(diameter of core-shell particles) − (diameter of core particles)]/2

2.4. Preparation of the CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(X) Core-Shell-Hairy Particles

HEA (0.31–2.2 mL, 3–21 mmol), CuBr₂ (20 mg, 0.090 mmol), Me₆TREN (49 μL, 0.18 mmol) and the CeO₂@PDA particles (30 mg) dispersed in deionized water (30 mL) were placed in a three-necked flask. The mixture was deoxygenated by purging with N₂ gas for 15 min. A N₂-purged aqueous solution of NaAsc (36 mg, 0.18 mmol) was then added to the mixture and stirred at r.t. After 5 h, the polymerization was stopped by purging with oxygen, and the resulting particles were separated and purified repeatedly by centrifugation (12,000 rpm for 10 min) and redispersion, forming CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(X) core–shell-hairy particles. The diameter of the particles and the hairy layer thickness of the core–shell-hairy particles were determined by the same methods shown above.

2.5. Preparation of the Pellet Samples

The pellet samples were obtained by drop casting an aqueous suspension of particles (solid concentration: 10 wt %) onto a silicone rubber plate and drying at room temperature overnight. The average center-to-center distances between the nearest particles (d) were determined by 100 pairs of particles obtained from SEM images.

2.6. Preparation of Structural Color Films

Solid samples of the CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(X) particles were prepared by freeze-drying. These samples were sandwiched between two Teflon plates along with a silicone sheet as a spacer and hot-pressed at 50 °C for 15 min to obtain structural color films.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Preparation of CeO₂@PDA@PHEA Core–Shell-Hairy Particles

The CeO₂@PDA core–shell particles were prepared by the copolymerization of DA and ATRP initiator-bearing DA, i.e., DA-BiBB, in the presence of CeO₂ core particles. IR measurements of the prepared CeO₂@PDA particles revealed a broad peak at 3200–3500 cm⁻¹ due to hydroxyl group structures such as catechol groups, and the characteristic signals were observed at approximately 1500 and 1600 cm⁻¹ due to indoline and indole structures [40], suggesting the construction of PDA layers on the particle surface (Figure 2a). To evaluate the introduction of BiBB moieties into the PDA shell layer, the XPS spectrum of the CeO₂@PDA particles was measured. As shown in Figure 2b, in addition to strong C1s, O1s, and N1s signals originating from PDA, weak Br3d signals indicating the presence of BiBB moieties were observed. The Br/N value can be regarded as the BiBB/DA ratio in the PDA shell layer [41], which was determined from the peak areas for the XPS narrow scan spectra for N1s and Br3d to be 0.24 (Figure 2b insets). The volume fraction of the PDA layer within the particles was determined from TGA measurements to be approximately 0.7 wt %. The density of the ATRP initiators on the particle surface, determined by Equation (1) below, was approximately 0.87 molecules nm⁻².

$$\mathrm{Density}\left[{\mathrm{molecule}\mathrm{nm}}^{-2}\right]=\frac{\frac{{\alpha }_{\mathrm{organics}}}{\chi }\times N_{\mathrm{A}}}{S_{\mathrm{all}}}$$

(1)

where α_organics is the weight of organics estimated from TGA and XPS measurements, χ is the molecular weight of the organics, N_A is the Avogadro constant, and S_all is the total surface area of the core particles.

The CeO₂@PDA@PHEA core–shell-hairy particles were then prepared by SI-ATRP of HEA in the presence of CeO₂@PDA particles. The IR spectrum for the CeO₂@PDA@PHEA particles shows characteristic peaks at 2900 and 1730 cm⁻¹ due to C-H and C=O stretching vibrations of the PHEA moiety, indicating that the PHEA layers are formed on the particle surface (Figure 2a). Figure 3a–f show TEM images of CeO₂, CeO₂@PDA, and CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(X) particles. The CeO₂@PDA particles contain a slight shell layer, which is not observed for the CeO₂ particles. The PDA shell thickness was calculated from the TEM image to be approximately 2 nm. As the HEA monomer feed concentration is increased, a PHEA hairy layer is clearly observed. As shown in the left axis of Figure 3g, the thickness of the PHEA layer, calculated from the TEM image, is controlled from 5 to 24 nm. TEM images of CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(24) particles measured at low magnification show that all particle surfaces are covered with PHEA hairy layers, demonstrating the usefulness of the present process (Figure S1). Partial coalescence and agglomeration of particles is observed in the TEM images, which may have occurred during the drying of the samples on the TEM grid. To evaluate the presence of aggregation in the obtained particles, the hydrodynamic diameter (D_h) of CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(X) particles dispersed in water was measured by DLS. As shown in Figure S2, a monodisperse peak with a relatively low polydispersity index (PDI) was observed for all particles, which increases in size without aggregation. Note that the D_h determined by DLS and the diameter determined by TEM measurements were different because the hydrophilic PHEA hairy chains swelled in water. TGA measurements show that the PHEA amount on the surface of the CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(X) particles ranges from 5.7 to 36.8 wt %, also indicating controlled PHEA layer building (Figure 3g right axis). DSC measurements for the CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(24) particles showed a peak at approximately 15 °C, corresponding to the T_g of PHEA (Figure S3).

3.2. Effect of PHEA Hairy Layer Thickness on the Coloration of Pellet Samples

The aqueous dispersion of CeO₂ particles was milky white, while that of CeO₂@PDA and CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(X) particles were both light brown due to the absorption of melanin (Figure S4). Pellet samples were prepared from these aqueous dispersions by drop casting. The green structural color was observed in both pellets prepared from CeO₂ and CeO₂@PDA particles (Figure 4a,b, insets). Comparing the reflection spectra for the pellets of CeO₂ and CeO₂@PDA particles (Figure 4g), the maximum reflection wavelength of the reflectance spectrum (λ_max) is slightly redshifted due to the increase in particle size due to the PDA shell layer construction. A bright green color is observed for the CeO₂@PDA pellets, whereas the CeO₂ pellets are whitish green. The difference in the brightness of the structural color is probably due to absorption by the PDA shell in the CeO₂@PDA pellet, which suppresses reflections due to multiple scattering in the visible region and emphasizes peaks derived from the structural color [29]. In addition, an increase in the reflection peak intensity is observed. This is probably due to the improved periodicity of the arrangement of the CeO₂@PDA particles compared to the CeO₂ particles, as observed from the SEM images shown in Figure 4a,b. The PDA coating fills the surface gaps of the distorted CeO₂ core particles, resulting in a smooth spherical shape and improving the periodicity of the particle array [18]. When CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(X) particles are used as components, the color of the pellets shifts from green to red as the interparticle distance affecting the structural color is increased with increasing PHEA hairy layer thickness (Figure 4c–f, insets). As shown in Figure 4g, the λ_max for the pellet samples is redshifted due to the construction of the PHEA hairy layer. Under practical conditions, Bragg’s law, as expressed by Equation (2), can be applied by considering the effective refractive index (RI) of the system [42]:

$$m\lambda =\sqrt{\frac{8}{3}{d}^2\left(n_{\mathrm{eff}}{}^2-si{n}^2\theta \right)}$$

(2)

where m is the order of diffraction, λ is the wavelength of light, n_eff is the effective RI of the system, d is the center-to-center distance between the nearest particles, and θ is the angle between the incident light and the sample normal. The SEM images shown in Figure 4c–f indicate that the particles in the pellet samples formed a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure to which Equation (2) can be adapted. The value of n_eff can be calculated as a weighted sum of the RI of the particles and the gap portion using Equation (3) below [42].

$$n_{\mathrm{eff}}{}^2=\sum _{\mathrm{i}}{n}_{\mathrm{i}}{}^2{\Phi }_{\mathrm{i}}$$

(3)

where n_i and Φ_i are the RI and volume fraction of their i portion, respectively. For an FCC structure, for the colloidal particles, Φ is 0.74. The RIs for the CeO₂, CeO₂@PDA, and CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(X) particles were calculated using the following Equation (4) [43]:

$$n_{\mathrm{particle}}=n_{\mathrm{hairy}}\left[1-{\left(\frac{b}{c}\right)}^3\right]+n_{\mathrm{shell}}\left[{\left(\frac{b}{c}\right)}^3-{\left(\frac{a}{c}\right)}^3\right]+n_{\mathrm{core}} {\left(\frac{a}{c}\right)}^3$$

(4)

where n_particle is the RI of the particles, n_hairy is the RI of the PHEA hairy layer (1.50 [44]), n_shell is the RI of the PDA shell layer (1.74 [45]), n_core is the RI of the CeO₂ particles coated with PVP, and a, b, and c symbolize the radii of the core, core–shell, and core–shell-hairy particles, respectively. The reflection spectra shown in Figure 4g show that the reflectance for the pellet samples decreases as the thickness of the PHEA hairy layer is increased. In general, the reflectance of light passing from medium 1 to medium 2 is determined by following Fresnel’s equation (Equation (5)) [46]:

$$R={\left(\frac{n_1-n_2}{n_1+n_2}\right)}^2$$

(5)

where R is the reflectance of light and n₁ and n₂ are the RIs for medium 1 and medium 2, respectively. Considering the phenomenon that light passing in the air is reflected at the surface of the pellet samples, n₁ can be regarded as the RI of air (1.00) and n₂ can be regarded as the RI of the particles (n_particle). The n_particle values calculated using Equation (4), the d values, the diameter of the particles, and the λ_max values calculated using Equations (2) and (3) (θ = 5°) are summarized in

Table 1. Characterization of pellet samples obtained from the prepared particles.

		CeO2	CeO2@PDA	CeO2@PDA@PHEA(X)
				X = 5	X = 11	X = 16	X = 24
nparticle		1.93 *	1.92	1.87	1.81	1.77	1.72
Center-to-center distance (d) (nm)		190 ± 6	204 ± 4	208 ± 4	219 ± 5	236 ± 8	258 ± 17
Diameter of the particles (nm)		198 ± 5	202 ± 7	211 ± 8	223 ± 9	233 ± 7	249 ± 9
λmax [nm]	Experimental values	529	544	565	628	709	714
	Calculated values_gap: air	538	575	572	586	619	660
	Calculated values_gap: PHEA	-	-	604	620	657	702

* The RI of the CeO₂ particles coated with PVP was calculated to be 1.93 according to Equation (4) above since the thickness of the PVP coating is approximately 10 nm, and the RIs for PVP and CeO₂ are 1.48 [48] and 2.10 [49], respectively.

. The n_particle is decreased with increasing thickness of the PHEA hairy layer due to the RI of PHEA (1.50). As shown by Equation (5), R is a function of the RI of the air and that of the particles. Thus, the reduction in n_particles may be one of the reasons for the lower reflectance of the pellet samples. The value of d, the center-to-center distance between the nearest particles, is smaller than the particle diameter for the CeO₂ core particles and larger than that for the CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(24) core–shell-hairy particles, whereas it is nearly equal to the particle diameter for the other particles. It has been reported that the T_g of PVP decreases below room temperature with increasing water content [47]. Therefore, due to the low T_g of PVP on the surface of CeO₂ particles in the aqueous dispersion creating the sample, the CeO₂ particles can be more densely assembled. For the CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(24) particles, a large amount of the PHEA hairy layer can result in an expansion of the distance between the particles. Experimental values for λ_max were compared with calculated values for the component filling the gaps in the particle array: air (RI = 1.00) and PHEA (RI = 1.50) (Table 1). When the CeO₂, CeO₂@PDA, and CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(5) particles are used as components, the experimental values for λ_max were relatively consistent with the calculated values with air as the gap component. On the other hand, the experimental values of λ_max for the CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(11), CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(16), and CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(24) particles agree relatively well with the calculated values when PHEA is the gap component, suggesting that the gap component is almost completely filled by the PHEA hairy layer.

3.3. Preparation and Characterization of Structural Color Films

Structural color films were prepared by hot pressing the freeze-dried CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(16) particles. Before hot pressing, the freeze-dried sample shows a brown color due to the light absorption by melanin particles. In contrast, the film obtained after hot pressing at 50 °C shows a bright red color (Figure 5a inset). While no clear reflection spectrum is observed for the sample before hot pressing, the reflection spectrum for the film obtained after hot pressing shows a peak at approximately 750 nm due to the red structural color (Figure S5). This is because the periodicity of the particle array is dramatically improved after hot pressing, as observed from the SEM image shown in Figure 5a. Three films were prepared using CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(16) particles, and reflection spectra were measured for each film. As shown in Figure S6, the spectral shape and reflectance are almost constant, indicating the reproducibility of the sample preparation using the present method. To investigate the effect of the thickness of the PHEA hairy layer on the formation of the films, structural color films were prepared using CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(X) particles (Figure 5b). When particles with thin PHEA hairy layer thicknesses (X = 5) are used, no film is found to be formed. On the other hand, particles with thicker PHEA hairy layers (X = 11, 16, and 24) produce structural color films. While the CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(11) film cracked when force was applied, the CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(16) and CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(24) films retained their structure even when bent and showed some flexibility (Figure S7). This indicated that it is desirable to fill the gaps between particles with PHEA hairy layers to form flexible films (vide supra). The angle dependence for the structural color of the film composed of CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(24) particles was investigated (Figure 5c). While the resulting film viewed from directly above appears brown, which is derived from melanin absorption, the red structural color can be gradually observed as the viewing angle is changed. The reflection spectra for the CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(24) film measured at different angles shows a decrease in the wavelength of the reflection peak from the infrared region to the visible region (Figure 5d). The film with CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(24) particles shows an angle-dependent structural color, indicating the formation of a periodic structure for the particles by hot pressing. In the aforementioned structural color pellet fabrication, which is obtained by drop-casting melanin particles dispersed in a solvent, it takes time to obtain pellets because the particles self-assemble as the solvent evaporates. On the other hand, this method demonstrated the simplicity of material preparation, as structural color films were easily obtained in a short time by hot pressing the sample after removing the solvent by freeze-drying.

Compression tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of films consisting of CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(X) particles. Unfortunately, measurements could not be performed for the CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(5) and CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(11) films because the PHEA layer thickness was too thin to maintain the film shape. On the other hand, the CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(16) and CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(24) films showed similar stress–strain behavior under the present experimental conditions and did not fracture, regardless of the PHEA hairy layer thickness, suggesting the robustness of the films (Figure 6a). Increasing the PHEA hairy layer decreases Young’s modulus calculated in the 5–15% compressive strain region (Figure 6b), indicating that the film becomes more flexible with increasing the PHEA hairy layer thickness. The appearance of the CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(16) and CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(24) films changed little before and after the compression test (Figure S8 insets). Furthermore, their reflection spectra also showed similar shapes, indicating that the structural color of the films was maintained before and after the compression test and the arrangement structure of the particles was preserved (Figure S8). As shown in Figure 6c, the flexible and robust CeO₂@PDA@PHEA(24) film can be bent and cut.

4. Conclusions

We succeeded in the easy preparation of films that show a bright structural color with the surface-modified melanin particles as the single component. Melanin particles with hydrophilic, low T_g PHEA brushes coated onto a surface can be simply hot-pressed to form structural color films. Hot-pressing freeze-dried CeO₂@PDA@PHEA particles results in films that exhibit an angle-dependent structural color due to the highly periodic microstructure, with the regularity of the arrangement enhanced by the fluidity of the particles. The resulting structural color film is flexible, self-supporting, and easy to process by cutting. The results from compression tests also confirm the film’s flexibility and robustness. Typical mechanisms for periodic microstructure-based structural color include interference, diffraction gratings, scattering, and photonic crystals [50]. The structural color obtained by the assembly of colloidal particles used in this system can be varied by changing the particle size, refractive index, blackness, and assembly method to achieve various colors [29]. Structural color films have been used in a wide range of applications such as smart displays [51] and strain sensors [52,53] due to their unique coloring properties. The present method can impart an arbitrary polymer layer on the surface of melanin particles, and the resulting particles would be applicable to the fabrication of structural color films with functions such as temperature response [54], mechanochromic [55], and fluorescent properties [56]. Most of these reported materials are prepared by multi-component systems in which light-absorbing materials such as carbon black are added to improve the visibility of the structural color. The method proposed here to obtain highly visible structural color films with melanin particles as a single component will enable simpler material fabrication and expand the possibilities of structural color materials.