Electrohydrodynamics Analysis of Dielectric 2D Nanofluids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Methods
2.1. Characterization of NPs and MO
2.2. Preparation of NFs
2.3. Measurement Error of Instrument
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Stability Analysis by Zeta Potential
3.2. Thermal Conductivity
3.3. AC Breakdown Voltage (ACBDV)
4. Charging Dynamics
5. Conclusions
- The dispersion of 0.01 wt.% of Eh-BN NP is observed to be stable for a longer period.
- The high aspect ratio and greater surface charges in Eh-BN NP are largely responsible for higher thermal conductivity in Eh-BN/MO NF.
- Higher moisture contamination in the MO and NFs reduces the ACBDV. However, Eh-BN NP has a minimal affinity towards moisture and augments the ACBDV compared to MO and other batches of NFs.
- From the charge-dynamics analysis, it is observed that the Eh-BN NP scavenges a higher number of free electrons compared to other NPs, and hence the initiation of the streamer is arrested, which leads to enhancement in the ACBDV for Eh-BN/MO-NF compared to MO and other NFs.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Specification |
---|---|
Formula | CnH2n+2 |
Density (gm/cc) | 0.828 |
Kinematic viscosity at (cSt) | 0.0123 |
Interfacial tension (IFT)at (N/m) | 0.047 |
Flash point in (°C) | 146 |
Pour point in (°C) | −18 |
Tan delta at 90 °C (Max). | 0.0085 |
Water content (ppm) | 25 |
AC breakdown voltage (kV) | 30 |
Thermal conductivity (W/m-K) | 0.128 |
Characteristic | Specification | |
---|---|---|
TiO2 | Eh-BN | |
Purity (%) | 99.5 | 98 |
Size (nm) | 21 | 0.1 |
Density (g/cm3) | 3.9 | 2.29 |
Dielectric constant | 31 | 3–4 |
Thermal conductivity (W/m-K) | 11 | 300 |
Electrical resistivity (Ω-cm) | 1014 | 1015 |
Thermal expansion coefficient (°C) | 11.5 × 10−6 | 4 × 10−6 |
Source of Uncertainty | % Error (±) |
---|---|
Instrument accuracy (U1) | 0.916 |
Gap gauge (U2) | 0.44 |
Electrode (U3) | 0.168 |
Combined uncertainty (Uc) | 1.03 |
Source of Uncertainty | % Error (±) |
---|---|
Instrument accuracy (U1) | 0.5 |
Electrical probe (U2) | 0.2 |
Measurement (U3) | 0.1 |
Combined uncertainty (Uc) | 0.547 |
Oil Samples | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18 ppm | |||||||
MO | TiO2 0.01 | TiO2 0.1 | h-BN 0.01 | h-BN 0.1 | Eh-BN 0.01 | Eh-BN 0.1 | |
α | 35.7 | 47.1 | 42.4 | 68.8 | 59.8 | 76.6 | 68.5 |
β | 21.5 | 20.8 | 14.8 | 25.8 | 19 | 23.38 | 21.5 |
24 ppm | |||||||
α | 31.7 | 43.1 | 39.8 | 48.5 | 43.5 | 68.4 | 52.8 |
β | 11.3 | 18.4 | 21.6 | 15.6 | 13.8 | 18.7 | 14.4 |
Moisture Level | Oil Samples | 63.2% | 50% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
KV | % Rise | kV | % Rise | ||
18 | MO | 35 | 118.5 | 35 | 114.2 |
TiO2-0.01 | 47 | 62.7 | 46 | 63 | |
TiO2-0.1 | 43 | 77.9 | 41 | 82.9 | |
h-BN-0.01 | 68.6 | 11.5 | 68 | 10.3 | |
h-BN-0.1 | 60.5 | 16.4 | 58.5 | 28.2 | |
Eh-BN-0.01 | 76.5 | 0 | 75 | 0 | |
Eh-BN-0.1 | 66.8 | 14.5 | 66.8 | 12.2 | |
24 | MO | 32.2 | 114.9 | 30.8 | 119.1 |
TiO2-0.01 | 42.1 | 64.3 | 42 | 60.7 | |
TiO2-0.1 | 39.2 | 76.5 | 38.5 | 75.3 | |
h-BN-0.01 | 49 | 41.2 | 47 | 43.6 | |
h-BN-0.1 | 42 | 64.7 | 41.5 | 62.6 | |
Eh-BN-0.01 | 69.2 | 0 | 67.5 | 0 | |
Eh-BN-0.1 | 52 | 33 | 50.5 | 33.6 |
NPs | Qs per NP × 10−18 (C) | Ne per NP | Nnp in 100 gm of MO × 1019 | Total Ne × 1019 |
---|---|---|---|---|
TiO2/MO | −1.72 | 11 | 7.54 | 83 |
Eh-BN/MO | −5.675 | 354 | 2.43 | 860.22 |
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Maharana, M.; Baruah, N.; Nayak, S.K.; Sahoo, N.; Wu, K.; Goswami, L. Electrohydrodynamics Analysis of Dielectric 2D Nanofluids. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 1489. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12091489
Maharana M, Baruah N, Nayak SK, Sahoo N, Wu K, Goswami L. Electrohydrodynamics Analysis of Dielectric 2D Nanofluids. Nanomaterials. 2022; 12(9):1489. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12091489
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaharana, Mrutyunjay, Niharika Baruah, Sisir Kumar Nayak, Niranjan Sahoo, Kai Wu, and Lalit Goswami. 2022. "Electrohydrodynamics Analysis of Dielectric 2D Nanofluids" Nanomaterials 12, no. 9: 1489. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12091489