Mössbauer Study on the Conversion of Different Iron-Based Catalysts Used in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mössbauer Spectroscopy
3.1.1. CNTs Synthesised from F + T Solution
3.1.2. CNTs Synthesised from Solid Ferrocene
3.1.3. CNTs Synthesised with ZVI Nanoparticle Catalyst
3.2. X-ray Powder Diffraction
3.3. Electron Microscopy
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Temperature | Phase | IS (mm/s) | FWHM (mm/s) | B (T) | A (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
800 °C | Fe3C | 0.19 ± 0.01 | (3, 4) 0.34 ± 0.01 | 20.5 ± 0.5 | 82 ± 2 |
(2, 5) 0.35 ± 0.01 | |||||
(1, 6) 0.43 ± 0.01 | |||||
α-Fe | 0.01 ± 0.01 | (3, 4) 0.26 ± 0.07 | 33.1 ± 0.5 | 7 ± 2 | |
(2, 5) 0.26 ± 0.04 | |||||
(1, 6) 0.41 ± 0.06 | |||||
γ-Fe | −0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.51 ± 0.02 | - | 11 ± 2 | |
900 °C | Fe3C | 0.18 ± 0.01 | (3, 4) 0.29 ± 0.01 | 20.5 ± 0.5 | 67 ± 2 |
(2, 5) 0.32 ± 0.01 | |||||
(1, 6) 0.41 ± 0.01 | |||||
α-Fe | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.03 | 33.1 ± 0.5 | 12 ± 2 | |
γ-Fe | −0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.32 ± 0.01 | - | 21 ± 2 | |
1000 °C | Fe3C | 0.18 ± 0.01 | (3, 4) 0.29 ± 0.01 | 20.5 ± 0.5 | 65 ± 2 |
(2, 5) 0.32 ± 0.01 | |||||
(1, 6) 0.38 ± 0.01 | |||||
α-Fe | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.28 * | 33.3 ± 0.5 | 12 ± 2 | |
γ-Fe | −0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.38 ± 0.02 | - | 23 ± 2 | |
1100 °C | Fe3C | 0.19 ± 0.01 | (3, 4) 0.34 ± 0.02 | 20.7 ± 0.5 | 64 ± 2 |
(2, 5) 0.35 ± 0.01 | |||||
(1, 6) 0.42 ± 0.01 | |||||
α-Fe | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.29 ± 0.03 | 33.2 ± 0.5 | 11 ± 2 | |
γ-Fe | −0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.37 ± 0.01 | - | 25 ± 2 |
Temperature | Phase | IS (mm/s) | QS/ε (mm/s) | FWHM (mm/s) | B (T) | A (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
800 °C | Fe3C | 0.16 ± 0.01 | - | (3, 4) 0.50 ± 0.04 | 20.5 ± 0.5 | 25 ± 2 |
(2, 5) 0.68 ± 0.03 | ||||||
(1, 6) 0.65 ± 0.03 | ||||||
α-Fe | 0.00 ± 0.01 | - | (3, 4) 0.47 ± 0.01 | 33.1 * | 70 ± 2 | |
(2, 5) 0.18 ± 0.03 | ||||||
(1, 6) 0.17 ± 0.05 | ||||||
γ-Fe | −0.05 ± 0.01 | - | 0.44 ± 0.11 | - | 1 ± 2 | |
α-Fe2O3 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | −0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.47 * | 47.7 ± 0.5 | 4 ± 2 | |
900 °C | Fe3C | 0.18 ± 0.01 | - | (3, 4) 0.45 ± 0.03 | 20.5 ± 0.5 | 36 ± 2 |
(2, 5) 0.51 ± 0.01 | ||||||
(1, 6) 0.54 ± 0.02 | ||||||
α-Fe | 0.00 ± 0.01 | - | (3, 4) 0.44 ± 0.02 | 33.0 * | 57 ± 2 | |
(2, 5) 0.17 ± 0.04 | ||||||
(1, 6) 0.17 ± 0.07 | ||||||
γ-Fe | −0.06 ± 0.01 | - | 0.51 ± 0.04 | - | 4 ± 2 | |
α-Fe2O3 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | −0.29 ± 0.01 | 0.47 * | 47.2 ± 0.5 | 3 ± 2 | |
1000 °C | Fe3C | 0.17 ± 0.01 | - | (3, 4) 0.50 ± 0.03 | 20.5 ± 0.5 | 25 ± 2 |
(2, 5) 0.60 ± 0.03 | ||||||
(1, 6) 0.63 ± 0.02 | ||||||
α-Fe | 0.00 ± 0.01 | - | (3, 4) 0.45 ± 0.01 | 33.0 * | 68 ± 2 | |
(2, 5) 0.17 ± 0.03 | ||||||
(1, 6) 0.17 ± 0.05 | ||||||
γ-Fe | −0.09 ± 0.01 | - | 0.35 ± 0.01 | - | 5 ± 2 | |
α-Fe2O3 | 0.35 ± 0.01 | −0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.47 * | 48.1 ± 0.5 | 2 ± 2 | |
1100 °C | Fe3C | 0.18 ± 0.01 | - | (3, 4) 0.37 ± 0.02 | 20.5 ± 0.5 | 39 ± 2 |
(2, 5) 0.43 ± 0.01 | ||||||
(1, 6) 0.46 ± 0.01 | ||||||
α-Fe | 0.00 ± 0.01 | - | (3, 4) 0.37 ± 0.02 | 32.9 * | 48 ± 2 | |
(2, 5) 0.15 ± 0.04 | ||||||
(1, 6) 0.16 ± 0.07 | ||||||
γ-Fe | −0.10 ± 0.01 | - | 0.34 ± 0.04 | - | 11 ± 2 | |
α-Fe2O3 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | −0.52 ± 0.01 | 0.47 * | 48.1 ± 0.5 | 2 ± 2 |
Temperature | Phase | IS (mm/s) | FWHM (mm/s) | B (T) | A (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
800 °C | α-Fe | −0.01 ± 0.01 | (3, 4) 0.33 ± 0.02 | 32.7 ± 0.5 | 5 ± 2 |
(2, 5) 0.22 ± 0.02 | |||||
(1, 6) 0.27 ± 0.02 | |||||
Fe3C | 0.19 ± 0.01 | (3, 4) 0.27 ± 0.01 | 20.3 ± 0.5 | 34 ± 2 | |
(2, 5) 0.34 ± 0.01 | |||||
(1, 6) 0.39 ± 0.01 | |||||
Bcg peak | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 11.99 ± 0.54 | - | 61 ± 2 | |
900 °C | α-Fe | −0.01 ± 0.01 | (3, 4) 0.27 ± 0.03 | 32.7 ± 0.5 | 14 ± 2 |
(2, 5) 0.27 ± 0.02 | |||||
(1, 6) 0.29 ± 0.01 | |||||
Fe3C | 0.19 ± 0.01 | (3, 4) 0.31 ± 0.01 | 20.4 ± 0.5 | 84 ± 2 | |
(2, 5) 0.37 ± 0.01 | |||||
(1, 6) 0.44 ± 0.01 | |||||
γ-Fe | −0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.30 * | - | 2 ± 2 | |
1000 °C | α-Fe | −0.00 ± 0.01 | (3, 4) 0.23 ± 0.02 | 32.8 ± 0.5 | 27 ± 2 |
(2, 5) 0.24 ± 0.01 | |||||
(1, 6) 0.25 ± 0.01 | |||||
Fe3C | 0.18 ± 0.01 | (3, 4) 0.28 ± 0.01 | 20.5 ± 0.5 | 50 ± 2 | |
(2, 5) 0.30 ± 0.01 | |||||
(1, 6) 0.35 ± 0.01 | |||||
γ-Fe | −0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | - | 23 ± 2 | |
1100 °C | α-Fe | 0.00 ± 0.01 | (3, 4) 0.25 ± 0.02 | 32.7 ± 0.5 | 35 ± 2 |
(2, 5) 0.27 ± 0.01 | |||||
(1, 6) 0.28 ± 0.01 | |||||
Fe3C | 0.19 ± 0.01 | (3, 4) 0.28 ± 0.03 | 20.4 ± 0.5 | 26 ± 2 | |
(2, 5) 0.30 ± 0.01 | |||||
(1, 6) 0.33 ± 0.02 | |||||
γ-Fe | −0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | - | 39 ± 2 |
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Kořenek, M.; Ivanova, T.; Svačinová, V.; Mašláň, M. Mössbauer Study on the Conversion of Different Iron-Based Catalysts Used in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 3010. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13233010
Kořenek M, Ivanova T, Svačinová V, Mašláň M. Mössbauer Study on the Conversion of Different Iron-Based Catalysts Used in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis. Nanomaterials. 2023; 13(23):3010. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13233010
Chicago/Turabian StyleKořenek, Michal, Tatiana Ivanova, Veronika Svačinová, and Miroslav Mašláň. 2023. "Mössbauer Study on the Conversion of Different Iron-Based Catalysts Used in Carbon Nanotube Synthesis" Nanomaterials 13, no. 23: 3010. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13233010