Degradation of Phenol via an Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) with Immobilized Commercial Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Photocatalysts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Photocatalysts
2.2. Immobilization of the TiO2 Photocatalyst Particles
2.3. Degradation of Phenol
2.4. Data Evaluation
2.5. Analytic Methods
2.5.1. HPLC
2.5.2. TOC
2.5.3. SEM
2.5.4. SEM-EDX Mapping
2.5.5. XRD
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of the TiO2 Films
3.2. Degradation of Phenol with Immobilized TiO2 Photocatalyst Particles
3.2.1. System Selection
3.2.2. Impact of Operating Conditions
3.3. Plant Design and Cost Estimation
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Photocatalyst | CS (nm) | SA (m2 g−1) | A:R | BGE (eV) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P25 | 18.1 | 56 | 82:18 | 3.2 | [27] |
P90 | 12.6 | 102 | 87:13 | 3.3 | [27] |
PC105 | 20.9 | 80 | 100:0 | 3.3 | [28] |
PC500 | 6.0 | 270 | 100:0 | 3.3 | [28] |
Photocatalyst | k1st, AtmO (10−3 min−1) | k1st, SynA (10−3 min−1) | k1st, H2O2 (10−3 min−1) |
---|---|---|---|
Photolysis | 0.5 | 0.3 | 10.6 |
P25 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 19.0 |
P90 | 1.4 | 2.3 | 33.9 |
PC105 | 1.3 | 2.7 | 29.1 |
PC500 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 7.8 |
With Sunlight | With LED | |
---|---|---|
Vday (m3) | 5 | 5 |
VYear (m3) | 1150 | 1150 |
OpEx (EUR/Y) | 4130 | 191,600 |
CapEx (EUR) | 656,710 | 4,657,086 |
Treatment costs (EUR/m3) | 61 | 572 |
Total treatment costs (EUR/Y) | 70,150 | 657,800 |
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Schwarze, M.; Borchardt, S.; Frisch, M.L.; Collis, J.; Walter, C.; Menezes, P.W.; Strasser, P.; Driess, M.; Tasbihi, M. Degradation of Phenol via an Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) with Immobilized Commercial Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Photocatalysts. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13071249
Schwarze M, Borchardt S, Frisch ML, Collis J, Walter C, Menezes PW, Strasser P, Driess M, Tasbihi M. Degradation of Phenol via an Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) with Immobilized Commercial Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Photocatalysts. Nanomaterials. 2023; 13(7):1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13071249
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchwarze, Michael, Steffen Borchardt, Marvin L. Frisch, Jason Collis, Carsten Walter, Prashanth W. Menezes, Peter Strasser, Matthias Driess, and Minoo Tasbihi. 2023. "Degradation of Phenol via an Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) with Immobilized Commercial Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Photocatalysts" Nanomaterials 13, no. 7: 1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13071249