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Nanomaterials
Volume 14
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10.3390/nano14161344
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Article

Low Dielectric Medium for Hyperbolic Phonon Polariton Waveguide in van der Waals Heterostructures

by
Byung-Il Noh
1,*,
Salvio Reza
2,
Cassie Hardy
1,
Jiahan Li
3,
Adib Taba
4,
Masoud Mahjouri-Samani
4,
James H. Edgar
3 and
Siyuan Dai
1,*
1
Materials Research and Education Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
2
Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
3
Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
4
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(16), 1344; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14161344
Submission received: 20 June 2024 / Revised: 7 August 2024 / Accepted: 12 August 2024 / Published: 14 August 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Optics and Light-Matter Interactions)
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Abstract

Polar van der Waals (vdW) crystals, composed of atomic layers held together by vdW forces, can host phonon polaritons—quasiparticles arising from the interaction between photons in free-space light and lattice vibrations in polar materials. These crystals offer advantages such as easy fabrication, low Ohmic loss, and optical confinement. Recently, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), known for having hyperbolicity in the mid-infrared range, has been used to explore multiple modes with high optical confinement. This opens possibilities for practical polaritonic nanodevices with subdiffractional resolution. However, polariton waves still face exposure to the surrounding environment, leading to significant energy losses. In this work, we propose a simple approach to inducing a hyperbolic phonon polariton (HPhP) waveguide in hBN by incorporating a low dielectric medium, ZrS2. The low dielectric medium serves a dual purpose—it acts as a pathway for polariton propagation, while inducing high optical confinement. We establish the criteria for the HPhP waveguide in vdW heterostructures with various thicknesses of ZrS2 through scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and by conducting numerical electromagnetic simulations. Our work presents a feasible and straightforward method for developing practical nanophotonic devices with low optical loss and high confinement, with potential applications such as energy transfer, nano-optical integrated circuits, light trapping, etc.
Keywords: s-SNOM; hyperbolic phonon polaritons; hexagonal boron nitride; van der Waals materials; optical confinement; waveguide s-SNOM; hyperbolic phonon polaritons; hexagonal boron nitride; van der Waals materials; optical confinement; waveguide

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MDPI and ACS Style

Noh, B.-I.; Reza, S.; Hardy, C.; Li, J.; Taba, A.; Mahjouri-Samani, M.; Edgar, J.H.; Dai, S. Low Dielectric Medium for Hyperbolic Phonon Polariton Waveguide in van der Waals Heterostructures. Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14161344

AMA Style

Noh B-I, Reza S, Hardy C, Li J, Taba A, Mahjouri-Samani M, Edgar JH, Dai S. Low Dielectric Medium for Hyperbolic Phonon Polariton Waveguide in van der Waals Heterostructures. Nanomaterials. 2024; 14(16):1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14161344

Chicago/Turabian Style

Noh, Byung-Il, Salvio Reza, Cassie Hardy, Jiahan Li, Adib Taba, Masoud Mahjouri-Samani, James H. Edgar, and Siyuan Dai. 2024. "Low Dielectric Medium for Hyperbolic Phonon Polariton Waveguide in van der Waals Heterostructures" Nanomaterials 14, no. 16: 1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14161344

APA Style

Noh, B.-I., Reza, S., Hardy, C., Li, J., Taba, A., Mahjouri-Samani, M., Edgar, J. H., & Dai, S. (2024). Low Dielectric Medium for Hyperbolic Phonon Polariton Waveguide in van der Waals Heterostructures. Nanomaterials, 14(16), 1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14161344

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