Synthesis of Highly Porous Lignin-Sulfonate Sulfur-Doped Carbon for Efficient Adsorption of Sodium Diclofenac and Synthetic Effluents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. LS-Carbon Synthesis
2.2. Characterization of Activated Biochars
2.3. Adsorption Experiments
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physicochemical Characterization of the LS-Based Carbons
3.2. Adsorption Experiments
3.2.1. pHpzc and the Effect of the pH on DCF Removal
3.2.2. Kinetic Studies
3.2.3. Isotherm Studies
3.2.4. Lab-Made Effluent Treatment Tests
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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LS-Carbon | LS-Sulfur Carbon | |
---|---|---|
Pseudo-first order | ||
q1 (mg g−1) | 221.9 | 292.7 |
k1 (min−1) | 1.215 | 55.32 |
R2adj | 0.9791 | 0.9969 |
SD (mg g−1) | 10.32 | 5.146 |
Pseudo-second order | ||
q2 (mg g−1) | 228.24 | 294.3 |
k2 (g mg−1 min−1) | 0.008960 | 0.08191 |
R2adj | 0.9950 | 0.9878 |
SD (mg g−1) | 5.060 | 3.534 |
Avrami | ||
qAV (mg g−1) | 229.8 | 293.8 |
kAV (min−1) | 1.438 | 1.19 |
nAV | 0.3681 | 6.916 |
R2adj | 0.9972 | 0.9979 |
SD (mg g−1) | 3.753 | 2.212 |
LS-Carbon | LS-Sulfur Carbon | |
---|---|---|
Langmuir | ||
qe (mg g−1) | 267.8 | 387.8 |
k1 (L mg−1) | 0.1125 | 0.1124 |
R2adj | 0.8977 | 0.9417 |
SD (mg g−1) | 32.21 | 34.70 |
Freundlich | ||
kF ((mg g−1) (mg L−1)−1/nF) | 90.31 | 102.1 |
nF (dimensionless) | 5.414 | 4.307 |
R2adj | 0.9814 | 0.9329 |
SD (mg g−1) | 13.74 | 37.23 |
Liu | ||
Qmax (mg g−1) | 301.6 | 473.8 |
Kg (L mg−1) | 0.00703 | 0.04805 |
nL (dimensionless) | 0.3091 | 0.5647 |
R2adj | 0.9921 | 0.9602 |
SD (mg g−1) | 8.910 | 28.67 |
Adsorbents | qmax (mg g−1) | Adsorbent Dosage (g L−1) | T (°C) | pH | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tree waste carbon | 355 | 1.0 | 25 °C | 6.0 | [10] |
Tree waste selenium-doped carbon | 434 | 1.0 | 25 °C | 6.0 | [10] |
H3PO4 activated hydrochar | 377.99 | 1.5 | 15 °C | 2.0 | [34] |
MnFe2O4/biochar composite | 344.26 | 0.15 | 25 °C | 4.0 | [35] |
Aquatic plant-based carbon | 23.25 | 1.5 | 20 °C | 6.0 | [36] |
Al(III)-based MOF (MOF-303) | 334.89 | 1.0 | 25 °C | 7.0 | [37] |
Al(III)-based MOF (DUT-5) | 103.36 | 1.0 | 25 °C | 7.0 | [37] |
Commercial gelatin/CNT beads | 26.97 | 2.0 | 25 °C | 8.1 | [38] |
RCTLW gelatin/CNT beads | 20.57 | 2.0 | 25 °C | 8.1 | [38] |
MgAl-biocarbon composite | 168.04 | 4.0 | 60 °C | 5.0 | [39] |
LS-carbon | 301.6 | 1.5 | 25 °C | 5.0 | This work |
LS-sulfur carbon | 473.8 | 1.5 | 25 °C | 5.0 | This work |
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dos Reis, G.S.; Conrad, S.; Lima, E.C.; Naushad, M.; Manavalan, G.; Gentili, F.G.; Dotto, G.L.; Grimm, A. Synthesis of Highly Porous Lignin-Sulfonate Sulfur-Doped Carbon for Efficient Adsorption of Sodium Diclofenac and Synthetic Effluents. Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14161374
dos Reis GS, Conrad S, Lima EC, Naushad M, Manavalan G, Gentili FG, Dotto GL, Grimm A. Synthesis of Highly Porous Lignin-Sulfonate Sulfur-Doped Carbon for Efficient Adsorption of Sodium Diclofenac and Synthetic Effluents. Nanomaterials. 2024; 14(16):1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14161374
Chicago/Turabian Styledos Reis, Glaydson S., Sarah Conrad, Eder C. Lima, Mu. Naushad, Gopinathan Manavalan, Francesco G. Gentili, Guilherme Luiz Dotto, and Alejandro Grimm. 2024. "Synthesis of Highly Porous Lignin-Sulfonate Sulfur-Doped Carbon for Efficient Adsorption of Sodium Diclofenac and Synthetic Effluents" Nanomaterials 14, no. 16: 1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14161374