Development and Application of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)
Abstract
:1. Introduction of Raman Scattering Spectroscopy
2. Development of SERS Technology
3. Theoretical Mechanisms for the Emergence of the SERS Phenomenon
- (1)
- Relating to the material of the SERS substrate: the SERS substrates refer to those materials that could provide the plasma resonance to produce the SERS effect. These materials generally refer to metallic materials such as gold, silver, copper, and aluminum, as well as other materials that are being investigated, such as electrolytes and semiconductor materials.
- (2)
- Related to “hot spots”: the electromagnetic enhancement on the surface of the SERS substrate is usually not uniform. Typically, the enhancement mainly occurs in very small and narrow areas, i.e., “hot spots”. From the physical structure, the signal enhancement is more efficient at the sharp tips and the gaps between the nanoparticles.
- (3)
- Distance-dependent: as the distance between the nanoparticles and the surface increases, the Raman signal intensity decreases very rapidly since the probe molecules need to be kept within 10 nm of the substrate surface for better enhancement.
3.1. Electromagnetic Enhancement Mechanism
3.2. Chemical Enhancement Mechanism
- (1)
- Resonance enhancement of the probe molecule;
- (2)
- Charge transfer resonance enhancement between the probe molecule and the substrate;
- (3)
- Non-resonance alteration enhancement, which refers to the static chemical enhancement of the molecular polarization rate due to interaction.
3.3. Theoretical Modeling of SERS Enhancement Factors
3.4. Evaluation of SERS Enhancement Factor
4. Application of SERS Technology
4.1. Food Additives and Pesticide Residues
4.2. Biomedical Applications
4.3. Reaction Process Monitoring, Sensing, and Imaging
4.4. Archaeology and Art
5. Conclusions and Prospects
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Huang, Z.; Peng, J.; Xu, L.; Liu, P. Development and Application of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14171417
Huang Z, Peng J, Xu L, Liu P. Development and Application of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). Nanomaterials. 2024; 14(17):1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14171417
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Zhenkai, Jianping Peng, Liguo Xu, and Peijiang Liu. 2024. "Development and Application of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)" Nanomaterials 14, no. 17: 1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14171417