Toxicological Effects of Leachates Extracted from Photocatalytic Concrete Blocks with Nano-TiO2 on Daphnia magna
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
2.1. Nanoparticles
2.2. Cement
2.3. Mineral Aggregates
3. Methods
3.1. Production of Concrete Blocks for Paving
3.2. Leaching Process of the Concrete
3.3. Characterization of the Leachate Extracts
3.4. Toxicological Assessment of the Leachate Extracts in D. magna
3.4.1. Acute Toxicity in D. magna
3.4.2. Chronic Toxicity in D. magna
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Characterization of the Leachate Extracts
4.2. Acute Toxicity in D. magna
4.3. Chronic Toxicity in D. magna
5. Conclusions and Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Nano-TiO2 |
---|---|
Purity | >99% |
Trace elements | Aluminum (Al) ≤ 17 ppm Magnesium (Mg) ≤ 65 ppm Silicon (Si) ≤ 120 ppm Calcium (Ca) ≤ 75 ppm Sulfur (S) ≤ 130 ppm Niobium (Nb) ≤ 80 ppm |
Average particle size | 10 nm |
Morphology of particles | Ellipsoidal and spherical |
Specific surface area | ≥60 m2/g |
Crystallographic structure | Anatase |
Bulk density | 0.2–0.3 g/cm3 |
Density (at 20 °C) | 3.9 |
Nano | Test | Medium | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ultrapure Water | ISO | M4 | ||
TiO2 | Zeta potential (mV) | 12.89 ± 0.38 | −2.85 ± 0.09 | 3.84 ± 0.35 |
Effective diameter (nm) | 580.00 ± 1.39 | 1708.58 ± 6.96 | 1539.34 ± 8.12 | |
Polydispersity index | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 0.21 ± 0.03 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | |
pH | 7.21 | 7.90 | 7.62 |
Chemical Characteristics | |
Loss on ignition | 5.43% |
Magnesium oxide | 5.76% |
Sulfur trioxide | 2.79% |
Sodium oxide | 0.23% |
Potassium oxide | 1.09% |
Insoluble residue | 11.2% |
Physical Characteristics | |
Fineness—residue on the sieve—0.075 mm | 2.3% |
Fineness—residue on the sieve—0.044 mm | 11.3% |
Specific surface—Blaine | 372 m2/kg |
Specific mass | 2.970 g/cm3 |
Autoclave expansion | 0.73 mm |
Water from the paste with normal consistency | 27.9% |
Time of setting, not less than | 257 min |
Time of setting, not more than | 335 min |
Compressive strength (3 days) | 33.9 MPa |
Compressive strength (7 days) | 39.2 MPa |
Compressive strength (28 days) | 47.4 MPa |
Concentrations | Nano-TiO2 (mg/L) | Reference Concrete (mL/L) | Concrete with 9% TiO2 (mL/L) |
---|---|---|---|
C0 (control) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
C1 | 0.63 | 0.25 | 0.5 |
C2 | 1.25 | 0.5 | 2.0 |
C3 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 3.5 |
C4 | 5.0 * | 2.0 | 5.0 ** |
C5 | 10 | 4.0 | 6.5 |
Pure Powders of Nanoparticles: Nano-TiO2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Concentrations (mg/L) | Longevity (%) | Size (Length) ± SD (mm) | Reproduction ± SD (Number of Neonates) | Age of First Posture ± SD (Days) |
0 (Control) | 100 | 4.125 ± 0.34 | 3.392 ± 1.56 | 11.44 ± 1.01 |
0.63 | 70 | 4.385 ± 0.12 | 2.408 ± 1.84 | 12.00 ± 1.76 |
1.25 | 90 | 4.176 ± 0.12 | 2.919 ± 1.26 | 12.20 ± 1.98 |
2.5 | 90 | 4.371 ± 0.09 | 2.704 ± 1.16 | 11.67 ± 1.12 |
5.0 | 100 | 3.713 ± 0.24 * | 2.575 ± 0.63 | 12.70 ± 1.83 |
10 | 40 * | 3.624 ± 0.25 * | 0.417 ± 0.92 * | 14.00 ± 0.00 |
LOEC (mg/L) | 10.0 | 5.0 | 10.0 | >10.0 (NF) |
NOEC (mg/L) | 5.0 | 2.5 | 5.0 | >10.0 (NF) |
Leachate: Reference Concrete | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Concentrations (mL/L) | Longevity (%) | Size (Length) ± SD (mm) | Reproduction ± SD (Number of Neonates) | Age of First Posture ± SD (Days) |
0 (Control) | 90 | 2.860 ± 0.13 | 3.533 ± 2.06 | 12.88 ± 1.13 |
0.25 | 100 | 2.766 ± 0.11 | 4.090 ± 1.97 | 12.70 ± 0.83 |
0.5 | 80 | 2.777 ± 0.13 | 4.550 ± 1.17 | 11.38 ± 1.30 |
1.0 | 90 | 2.740 ± 0.13 | 4.511 ± 1.09 | 13.00 ± 1.22 |
2.0 | 100 | 2.780 ± 0.09 | 4.510 ± 0.54 | 12.70 ± 2.40 |
4.0 | 100 | 2.714 ± 0.11 * | 3.560 ± 1.55 | 12.89 ± 1.16 |
LOEC (mL/L) | >4.0 (NF) | 4.0 | >4.0 (NF) | >4.0 (NF) |
NOEC (mL/L) | >4.0 (NF) | 2.0 | >4.0 (NF) | >4.0 (NF) |
Leachate: Concrete with 9% TiO2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Concentrations (mL/L) | Longevity (%) | Size (Length) ± SD (mm) | Reproduction ± SD (Number of Neonates) | Age of First Posture ± SD (Days) |
0 (Control) | 100 | 2.854 ± 0.07 | 6.830 ± 0.99 | 10.40 ± 1.26 |
0.5 | 100 | 2.804 ± 0.08 | 5.670 ± 2.43 | 11.00 ± 1.58 |
2.0 | 100 | 2.843 ± 0.11 | 5.140 ± 0.89 | 11.00 ± 1.88 |
3.5 | 100 | 2.834 ± 0.06 | 5.850 ± 1.93 | 10.70 ± 1.63 |
5.0 | 100 | 2.858 ± 0.09 | 5.590 ± 0.58 | 10.30 ± 0.67 |
6.5 | 100 | 2.850 ± 0.05 | 5.480 ± 1.53 | 10.50 ± 1.58 |
LOEC (mL/L) | >6.5 (NF) | >6.5 (NF) | >6.5 (NF) | >6.5 (NF) |
NOEC (mL/L) | >6.5 (NF) | >6.5 (NF) | >6.5 (NF) | >6.5 (NF) |
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Facin, F.; Staub de Melo, J.V.; Costa Puerari, R.; Matias, W.G. Toxicological Effects of Leachates Extracted from Photocatalytic Concrete Blocks with Nano-TiO2 on Daphnia magna. Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 1447. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14171447
Facin F, Staub de Melo JV, Costa Puerari R, Matias WG. Toxicological Effects of Leachates Extracted from Photocatalytic Concrete Blocks with Nano-TiO2 on Daphnia magna. Nanomaterials. 2024; 14(17):1447. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14171447
Chicago/Turabian StyleFacin, Fernanda, João Victor Staub de Melo, Rodrigo Costa Puerari, and William Gerson Matias. 2024. "Toxicological Effects of Leachates Extracted from Photocatalytic Concrete Blocks with Nano-TiO2 on Daphnia magna" Nanomaterials 14, no. 17: 1447. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14171447